URui Diogo akasebenzeli, akahlanganyeli, noma akatholi uxhaso kunoma iyiphi inkampani noma inhlangano engazuza kulesi sihloko, futhi akanalutho angaludalula ngaphandle kwesikhundla sakhe sezemfundo. Ezinye izinhlangano ezifanele.
Ubandlululo oluhlelekile kanye nokucwasa ngokobulili kuye kwangena empucukweni kusukela ekuqaleni kwezolimo, lapho abantu baqala ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside. Ososayensi bokuqala baseNtshonalanga, njengo-Aristotle eGrisi lasendulo, bafundiswa ubandlululo ngokobuhlanga kanye nokucwasa ngokobulili okwakungena emiphakathini yabo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2,000 ngemva komsebenzi ka-Aristotle, isazi semvelo saseBrithani uCharles Darwin naye wanweba imibono yobandlululo ngokobulili kanye nokucwasa ngokobulili ayeyizwile futhi eyifunda ebusheni bakhe emhlabeni wemvelo.
UDarwin wethule ubandlululo lwakhe njengeqiniso lesayensi, isibonelo encwadini yakhe yango-1871 ethi The Descent of Man, lapho achaza khona inkolelo yakhe yokuthi amadoda ayephakeme ngokwezimo kunabesifazane, ukuthi abaseYurophu babephakeme kunabangewona abaseYurophu, ukuthi amazinga okubusa, imiphakathi ehlelekile yayingcono kunemiphakathi emincane yokulingana. Esafundiswa ezikoleni naseminyuziyamu yomlando wemvelo namuhla, waphikisana ngokuthi "imihlobiso emibi nomculo omubi ngokulinganayo okhulekelwa yizilo eziningi" kwakungathuthuki kakhulu njengezinye izilwane, njengezinyoni, futhi ngabe kwakungazange kuthuthuke kakhulu njengezinye izilwane, njengenkawu i-New World Pithecia satanas.
Incwadi ethi The Descent of Man yanyatheliswa ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka komphakathi ezwekazini laseYurophu. EFrance, iParis Commune yabasebenzi yangena emigwaqweni ifuna ushintsho olukhulu emphakathini, okuhlanganisa nokugumbuqelwa kobuholi bomphakathi. Impikiswano kaDarwin yokuthi ukugqilazwa kwabampofu, abangebona abaseYurophu, nabesifazane kwakuyimiphumela yemvelo yentuthuko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuqinisekile kwakuyinto ethokozisayo ezindlebeni zabantu abaphezulu nalabo abasemandleni emibuthanweni yesayensi. Isazi-mlando sesayensi uJanet Brown sibhala ukuthi ukwanda kukaDarwin okukhulu emphakathini waseVictoria kwakubangelwa kakhulu yimibhalo yakhe, hhayi imibhalo yakhe yobandlululo nobandlululo ngokobulili.
Akuyona into eyenzekile ukuthi uDarwin angcwatshwe ngomngcwabo kahulumeni eWestminster Abbey, uphawu oluhlonishwayo lwamandla aseBrithani futhi wagujwa esidlangalaleni njengophawu “lokunqoba kweBrithani imvelo kanye nempucuko emhlabeni wonke ngempumelelo ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaVictoria isikhathi eside.”
Naphezu kwezinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo eminyakeni eyi-150 edlule, inkulumo egxeka ubandlululo ngokobulili kanye nobandlululo ngokobuhlanga isalokhu ivamile kwezesayensi, kwezokwelapha, kanye nasemfundweni. Njengoprofesa kanye nomcwaningi eHoward University, nginesithakazelo ekuhlanganiseni amasimu ami ayinhloko okufunda—i-biology kanye ne-anthropology—ukuze ngixoxe ngezinkinga zomphakathi ezibanzi. Esifundweni engisanda kusishicilela nozakwethu uFatima Jackson kanye nabafundi bezokwelapha abathathu baseHoward, sibonisa ukuthi ulimi olugxeka ubandlululo ngokobulili aluyona into yesikhathi esidlule: lusakhona ezihlokweni zesayensi, ezincwadini zokufunda, eminyuziyamu, nasezintweni zemfundo.
Isibonelo sobandlululo olusekhona emphakathini wesayensi wanamuhla ukuthi ukulandisa okuningi kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kuthathwa njengokuthuthuka okuqondile kusuka kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama, "abasaqalayo" kuya kubantu abanesikhumba esikhanyayo, "abathuthukile". Iminyuziyamu yomlando wemvelo, amawebhusayithi, kanye nezindawo zamagugu e-UNESCO zibonisa lo mkhuba.
Nakuba lezi zincazelo zingahambisani namaqiniso esayensi, lokhu akuzivimbeli ukuthi ziqhubeke nokusabalala. Namuhla, cishe u-11% wabantu "bangabamhlophe," okungukuthi, baseYurophu. Izithombe ezibonisa izinguquko eziqondile embala wesikhumba azibonisi ngokunembile umlando wokuziphendukela komuntu noma ukubukeka kwabantu namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokukhanya kancane kancane kwesikhumba. Umbala wesikhumba okhanyayo wakhula ikakhulukazi emaqenjini ambalwa athuthele ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwe-Afrika, ezindaweni eziphakeme noma eziphansi, njengeNyakatho Melika, iYurophu, ne-Asia.
Inkulumo yobandlululo ngokobulili isagcwele ezifundweni zemfundo ephakeme. Isibonelo, ephepheni lika-2021 mayelana nensalela yabantu yasendulo edumile etholakale endaweni yemivubukulo ezintabeni zase-Atapuerca eSpain, abacwaningi bahlola amazinyo alezi zinsalela bathola ukuthi empeleni ayengane eneminyaka engu-9 kuya kwengu-11 ubudala. Amazinyo entombazane. Le nsalela yayicatshangwa ukuthi ingeyomfana ngenxa yencwadi ethengiswa kakhulu ngo-2002 ebhalwe yisazi sezinto zakudala uJosé María Bermúdez de Castro, omunye wababhali baleli phepha. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abalobi balolu cwaningo bavumile ukuthi kwakungekho sisekelo sesayensi sokuhlonza le nsalela njengeyesilisa. Isinqumo "senziwe ngengozi," babhala.
Kodwa lokhu kukhetha akuyona "into engahleliwe" ngempela. Ukulandisa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kuvame ukuveza amadoda kuphela. Ezimweni ezimbalwa lapho abesifazane bevezwa khona, bavame ukuvezwa njengomama abangenzi lutho kunokuba babe ngabasunguli abakhuthele, abaculi basemihumeni, noma abaqoqi bokudla, naphezu kobufakazi besayensi yabantu bokuthi abesifazane basendulo babenjalo kanye.
Esinye isibonelo sezindaba ezibandlulula ngokobulili kwezesayensi yindlela abacwaningi abaqhubeka ngayo bephikisana ngokuvela “okuxakayo” kwe-orgasm yabesifazane. UDarwin wakha indaba yokuthi abesifazane bavela kanjani baba “namahloni” futhi bangabi nandaba ngokocansi, yize evuma ukuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo, abesifazane bakhetha abalingani babo ngenkuthalo. Njengomuntu waseVictoria, wakuthola kunzima ukwamukela ukuthi abesifazane bangadlala indima esebenzayo ekukhetheni abalingani, ngakho wayekholelwa ukuthi le ndima yayigcinelwe abesifazane ekuqaleni kokuvela kwabantu. Ngokusho kukaDarwin, kamuva amadoda aqala ukukhetha abesifazane ngokocansi.
Usosayensi wezocansi uthi abesifazane “banamahloni” kakhulu futhi “abanawo ucansi oluningi,” okuhlanganisa nomqondo wokuthi ukuhlangana kwabesifazane kuyimfihlakalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuphikiswa ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda. Isibonelo, abesifazane empeleni bahlangana kaningi kunabesilisa, futhi ukuhlangana kwabo kwabesifazane, ngokwesilinganiso, kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuyinselele kakhulu, futhi kunamandla kakhulu. Abesifazane abancishwanga isifiso sobulili ngokwebhayoloji, kodwa imibono yobulili yamukelwa njengeqiniso lesayensi.
Izinto zemfundo, okuhlanganisa izincwadi zokufunda kanye nama-atlase okwakheka komzimba asetshenziswa ngabafundi besayensi kanye nezokwelapha, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imibono ekhona kakade. Isibonelo, uhlelo luka-2017 lwe-Atlas of Human Anatomy kaNetter, oluvame ukusetshenziswa ngabafundi bezokwelapha kanye nabezokwelapha, luhlanganisa imifanekiso ecishe ibe ngu-180 yombala wesikhumba. Kulawa, iningi lawo lalingamadoda anesikhumba esikhanyayo, kanti amabili kuphela abonisa abantu abanesikhumba "esimnyama". Lokhu kuthuthukisa umqondo wokubonisa amadoda amhlophe njengezibonelo zomzimba zezinhlobo zabantu, ehluleka ukukhombisa ukuhlukahluka okuphelele komzimba wabantu.
Abalobi bezinto zemfundo zezingane nabo baphinda lokhu kubandlulula ezincwadini zesayensi, eminyuziyamu, nasezincwadini zokufunda. Isibonelo, isembozo sencwadi enemibala ka-2016 ebizwa ngokuthi “The Evolution of Creatures” sibonisa ukuvela komuntu ngendlela eqondile: kusukela ezidalweni “zasendulo” ezinesikhumba esimnyama kuya kubantu baseNtshonalanga “abaphucukile”. Ukufundiswa kuphelele lapho izingane ezisebenzisa lezi zincwadi ziba ososayensi, izintatheli, abagcini beminyuziyamu, osopolitiki, ababhali, noma abadwebi bezithombe.
Isici esibalulekile sobandlululo oluhlelekile kanye nokucwasa ngokobulili ukuthi kuqhutshekiswa ngokungazi ngabantu abavame ukungazi ukuthi izindaba zabo nezinqumo zabo zinobandlululo. Ososayensi bangalwa nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga, ngokobulili, kanye nokugxile eNtshonalanga okuhlala isikhathi eside ngokuba baqaphe futhi bathathe isinyathelo ekuboneni nasekulungiseni la mathonya emsebenzini wabo. Ukuvumela izindaba ezinganembile ukuthi ziqhubeke nokusabalala kwesayensi, kwezokwelapha, kwezemfundo, nakwezokuxhumana akugcini nje ngokuqhubekisela phambili lezi zindaba ezizukulwaneni ezizayo, kodwa futhi kuqhubekisela phambili ukucwasa, ukucindezelwa, kanye nobudlova ababebuthethelela esikhathini esidlule.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 11-2024