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Isingeniso Izigungu ezibusayo zemboni yamazinyo e-UK nase-Ireland zidinga odokotela bamazinyo ukuba bafaneleke futhi babe nolwazi, amakhono kanye nezimfanelo ezizobenza bakwazi ukusebenza ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokugadwa. Izindlela izikole zamazinyo ezifeza ngazo lo mgomo zingase zihluke futhi ziguqulwe ngenxa yezinguquko ezilindelwe yizigungu ezibusayo kanye nezinselele endaweni yezemfundo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezisebenza kahle nokusabalalisa imikhuba emihle kakhulu echazwe ezincwadini.
Izinhloso Ukusebenzisa isibuyekezo sokuhlola ukuze kutholakale izindlela zokufundisa amakhono okwelapha amazinyo ezincwadini ezishicilelwe, okuhlanganisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha, isisusa soshintsho, kanye nezici ezithonya ikhwalithi kanye nekhwalithi yokufundisa.
Izindlela. Indlela yokubuyekeza i-scoping yasetshenziswa ukukhetha nokuhlaziya izihloko ezingu-57 ezanyatheliswa phakathi kuka-2008 no-2018.
Imiphumela. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokufunda ezisebenza nge-inthanethi kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekufundiseni futhi kwakhuthaza ukufunda okuzimele nokuzimele. Ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa kwenziwa emalabhorethri obuchwepheshe bezokwelapha kusetshenziswa amakhanda e-mannequin, kanti ezinye izikole zamazinyo nazo zisebenzisa ama-simulators eqiniso elisebenza nge-inthanethi. Ulwazi lwezokwelapha lutholakala kakhulu emitholampilo eminingi kanye nasezikhungweni zokuqeqesha ezihambayo. Inani elanele leziguli ezifanelekile, inani labafundi elikhulayo, kanye nothisha abanciphayo kuye kwabikwa ukuthi kuholele ekunciphiseni ulwazi lwezokwelapha ngezindlela ezithile zokwelapha.
Isiphetho Ukuqeqeshwa kwamanje kwamakhono okwelapha amazinyo kukhiqiza abaphothule abasha abanolwazi oluhle lwethiyori, abalungiselele futhi abaqiniseka ngamakhono ayisisekelo okwelapha, kodwa abangenalo ulwazi ekunakekelweni okuyinkimbinkimbi, okungaholela ekunciphiseni ukulungela ukuzijwayeza ngokuzimela.
Usebenzisa izincwadi futhi ubonisa umthelela wezinto ezintsha ezishiwo ekusebenzeni kahle nasekusetshenzisweni kokufundisa amakhono okwelapha amazinyo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemitholampilo.
Kutholakale ukukhathazeka okuningana ngababambiqhaza maqondana nezindawo ezithile zezokwelapha lapho kwabikwa khona ingozi yokungalungiseleli ngokwanele ukuzivocavoca okuzimele.
Kuwusizo kulabo abathintekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokufundisa ezingeni le-undergraduate, kanye nalabo abathintekayo ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwe-undergraduate kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo.
Izikole zamazinyo kudingeka zinikeze abaphothule amakhono nolwazi oluzobenza bakwazi ukuzijwayeza ngobuchule, ngozwela, nangokuzimela ngaphandle kokugadwa, njengoba kuchaziwe esigabeni esithi “Ukulungiselela Ukuzijwayeza”.
UMkhandlu Wamazinyo wase-Ireland uneKhodi Yokusebenza echaza okulindelwe ezindaweni eziningana zezokwelapha. 2, 3, 4, 5
Nakuba imiphumela yohlelo lwe-undergraduate endaweni ngayinye ichazwe ngokucacile, isikole ngasinye samazinyo sinelungelo lokuthuthukisa ikharikhulamu yaso. Izinto ezibalulekile ukufundisa ithiyori eyisisekelo, umkhuba ophephile wamakhono ayisisekelo okuhlinzwa ngaphambi kokuxhumana nesiguli, kanye nokucijwa kwamakhono esiguli ngaphansi kokugadwa.
Iningi labaphothule e-UK lingena ohlelweni lonyaka owodwa olubizwa ngokuthi i-Foundation Training, oluxhaswe yiNational Health Service, lapho besebenza khona esikoleni esikhethiwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweNhloko Yezemfundo (eyayikade inguMqeqeshi Wezemfundo Yeziguli Eziyisisekelo ze-NHS ku-Primary Care Practice). . Abahlanganyeli baya okungenani izinsuku zokufunda ezingama-30 ezidingekayo esikoleni sabafundi bebanga lesithathu ukuze bathole ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe okuhleliwe. Le khosi yathuthukiswa yiMkhandlu WabaDeni kanye nabaQondisi Bezokwelashwa Kwamazinyo Ezingaphothuli e-UK. 6 Ukuphothula okwanelisayo kwale khosi kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba udokotela wamazinyo afake isicelo senombolo yomdlali futhi aqale umkhuba wodokotela noma ajoyine insizakalo yesibhedlela ngonyaka olandelayo.
E-Ireland, odokotela bamazinyo abasanda kuphothula bangangena emisebenzini ejwayelekile (GP) noma ezikhundleni zasesibhedlela ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukwenza ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zokuhlola ukuhlola nokudweba uhla lwezindlela zokufundisa amakhono okwelapha amazinyo ezingeni le-undergraduate ezikoleni zamazinyo zase-UK nase-Ireland ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa sezivele yini nokuthi kungani kuvele izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa, ukuthi ngabe indawo yokufundisa isishintshile yini, imibono yabafundi kanye nabafundi ngokufundisa, nokuthi ukufundisa kulungiselela kahle kangakanani abafundi impilo yokusebenza kwamazinyo.
Izinhloso zesifundo esingenhla zifanelekela indlela yocwaningo lwenhlolovo. Ukubuyekezwa kokuhlola kuyithuluzi elifanele lokunquma ububanzi noma ububanzi bezincwadi ngesihloko esithile futhi kusetshenziselwa ukunikeza umbono jikelele wohlobo kanye nobuningi bobufakazi besayensi obutholakalayo. Ngale ndlela, izikhala zolwazi zingabonakala futhi ngaleyo ndlela ziphakamise izihloko zokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile.
Indlela yokwenza lokhu kubuyekezwa ilandele uhlaka oluchazwe ngu-Arksey no-O'Malley 7 futhi lwahlungwa nguLevack et al. 8 Uhlaka luqukethe uhlaka lwezinyathelo eziyisithupha olwenzelwe ukuqondisa abacwaningi ngesinyathelo ngasinye senqubo yokubuyekeza.
Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubuyekezwa kokuhlola kufake izinyathelo ezinhlanu: ukuchaza umbuzo wocwaningo (Isinyathelo 1); ukuhlonza izifundo ezifanele (isinyathelo 2); ukwethula imiphumela (Isinyathelo 5). Isigaba sesithupha - izingxoxo - asizange sithathwe. Ngenkathi uLevac et al. 8 bebheka lokhu njengesinyathelo esibalulekile endleleni yokubuyekezwa kokuhlola ngoba ukubuyekezwa kwabathintekayo kwandisa ukuqina kocwaningo, u-Arksey et al. 7 babheka lesi sinyathelo ngokuzithandela.
Imibuzo yocwaningo inqunywa ngokusekelwe ezinhlosweni zokubuyekezwa, okuwukuhlola lokho okuboniswa ezincwadini:
Imibono yabathintekayo (abafundi, othisha bezokwelapha, iziguli) mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ekufundiseni amakhono okwelapha esikoleni samazinyo kanye nokulungiselela kwabo ukusebenza.
Isizindalwazi se-Medline All siseshwe kusetshenziswa ipulatifomu ye-Ovid ukuthola izihloko zokuqala. Lokhu kusesha okuhlolayo kunikeze amagama angukhiye asetshenziswa ekusesheni okulandelayo. Sesha izizindalwazi ze-Wiley kanye ne-ERIC (ipulatifomu ye-EBSCO) usebenzisa amagama angukhiye athi “imfundo yamazinyo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono emitholampilo” NOMA “ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono emitholampilo.” Sesha izizindalwazi zase-UK usebenzisa amagama angukhiye athi “imfundo yamazinyo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono emitholampilo” NOMA “ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono emitholampilo” Ijenali Yamazinyo kanye ne-European Journal of Dental Education kuseshwe.
Iphrothokholi yokukhetha yaklanywa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhethwa kwezihloko kuyahambisana futhi kuqukethe ulwazi okwakulindeleke ukuthi luphendule umbuzo wocwaningo (Ithebula 1). Hlola uhlu lwezinkomba zesihloko esikhethiwe ukuze uthole ezinye izihloko ezifanele. Umdwebo we-PRISMA kuMfanekiso 1 ufingqa imiphumela yenqubo yokukhetha.
Imidwebo yedatha yadalwa ukuze ibonise izici ezibalulekile kanye nokutholakele okulindeleke ukuthi kwethulwe ezicini ezikhethiwe zesihloko. 7 Imibhalo ephelele yezihloko ezikhethiwe yabuyekezwa ukuze kutholakale izingqikithi.
Izihloko ezingu-57 ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezichazwe kuphrothokholi yokukhetha zikhethiwe ukuze zifakwe ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi. Uhlu lunikezwe olwazini olwengeziwe oluku-inthanethi.
Lezi zihloko ziwumphumela womsebenzi weqembu labacwaningi abavela ezikoleni zamazinyo eziyi-11 (61% wezikole zamazinyo e-UK nase-Ireland) (Isithombe 2).
Izihloko ezingu-57 ezihlangabezane nemigomo yokufaka yokubuyekezwa zihlole izici ezahlukene zokufundisa amakhono okwelapha amazinyo emitholampilo emikhakheni ehlukene yezokwelapha. Ngokuhlaziya okuqukethwe kwezihloko, isihloko ngasinye sahlukaniswa saba yisifundo saso sezokwelapha esihambisanayo. Kwezinye izimo, izihloko zigxile ekufundiseni amakhono okwelapha ngaphakathi kwesifundo esisodwa sezokwelapha. Ezinye zibheke amakhono okwelapha amazinyo noma izimo zokufunda ezithile ezihlobene nezindawo eziningi zezokwelapha. Iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi “Okunye” limelela uhlobo lwento yokugcina.
Izihloko ezigxile ekufundiseni amakhono okuxhumana kanye nokuthuthukisa umkhuba wokuzindla zafakwa ngaphansi kweqembu elithi “Amakhono Athambile”. Ezikoleni eziningi zamazinyo, abafundi belapha iziguli ezindala emitholampilo eminingi ebhekana nazo zonke izici zempilo yabo yomlomo. Iqembu elithi “ukunakekelwa kweziguli okuphelele” libhekisela ezihlokweni ezichaza izinhlelo zemfundo yezokwelapha kulezi zindawo.
Ngokuphathelene nemikhakha yezokwelapha, ukusatshalaliswa kwezihloko zokubuyekezwa ezingu-57 kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ngemva kokuhlaziya idatha, kwavela izingqikithi ezinhlanu ezibalulekile, ngayinye inezingqikithi eziningana ezincane. Ezinye izindatshana ziqukethe idatha ngezihloko eziningi, njengolwazi lokufundisa imiqondo yethiyori kanye nezindlela zokufundisa amakhono okwelapha asebenzayo. Izihloko zemibono zisekelwe kakhulu ocwaningweni olusekelwe kumibuzo olubonisa imibono yezinhloko zeminyango, abacwaningi, iziguli kanye nabanye abathintekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itimu yemibono inikeze "izwi labafundi" elibalulekile elinezingcaphuno eziqondile ezindabeni ezingu-16 ezimelela imibono yabafundi abahlanganyeli baka-2042 (Isithombe 4).
Naphezu komehluko omkhulu ngesikhathi sokufundisa ezifundweni ezahlukene, kunokuvumelana okukhulu endleleni yokufundisa imiqondo yethiyori. Kubikwe ukuthi izinkulumo, amaseminari, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kuhlinzekwe kuzo zonke izikole zamazinyo, kanti ezinye zamukela ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa okuqukethwe (okungase kube yisicefe) ngezindlela zokuzwakalisa umsindo kuye kwatholakala kuvamile ezifundweni ezifundiswa ngokwesiko.
Ukufundisa kwanikezwa abasebenzi bezemfundo yezokwelapha (abadala nabancane), odokotela abajwayelekile kanye nochwepheshe abangochwepheshe (isb. odokotela be-radiology). Izinsiza eziphrintiwe zithathelwe indawo kakhulu yizindawo eziku-inthanethi lapho abafundi bangafinyelela khona izinsiza zezifundo.
Konke ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okwelapha ngaphambi kokwelashwa esikoleni samazinyo kwenzeka ePhantom Lab. Izinsimbi zokujikeleza, izinsimbi zezandla, kanye nemishini ye-x-ray ziyafana nalezo ezisetshenziswa emtholampilo, ngakho-ke ngaphezu kokufunda amakhono okuhlinzwa kwamazinyo endaweni elingisiwe, ungajwayelana nemishini, i-ergonomics, kanye nokuphepha kwesiguli. Amakhono ayisisekelo okuvuselela afundiswa ngonyaka wokuqala nowesibili, kulandelwe yi-endodontics, i-prosthodontics elungisiwe kanye nokuhlinzwa komlomo eminyakeni elandelayo (onyakeni wesithathu kuya kowesihlanu).
Imiboniso ebukhoma yamakhono emitholampilo ithathelwe indawo kakhulu yizinsiza zevidiyo ezinikezwa yizindawo zokufunda eziku-inthanethi zesikole samazinyo (ama-VLE). Abafundisi bahlanganisa othisha bemitholampilo baseyunivesithi kanye nodokotela abajwayelekile. Izikole eziningana zamazinyo zifake ama-simulators e-virtual reality.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuxhumana kwenziwa ngesisekelo se-workshop, kusetshenziswa ofunda nabo kanye nabadlali abavezwe ngokukhethekile njengeziguli ezilingisiwe ukuze bazijwayeze izimo zokuxhumana ngaphambi kokuxhumana nesiguli, yize ubuchwepheshe bevidiyo busetshenziswa ukukhombisa imikhuba emihle kakhulu nokuvumela abafundi ukuthi bahlole ukusebenza kwabo.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokulungiselela ukuhlolwa, abafundi bakhipha amazinyo ezidunjini zikaThiel ezigcotshwe ukuze bathuthukise ukuba ngokoqobo.
Izikole eziningi zamazinyo sezisungule imitholampilo yokwelapha izifo eziningi lapho zonke izidingo zokwelapha zesiguli zihlangatshezwa khona emtholampilo owodwa kunemitholampilo eminingi yokwelapha izifo ezingelapheki, ababhali abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi iyimodeli engcono kakhulu yokwelapha izifo eziyisisekelo.
Abaphathi bezokwelapha banikeza impendulo ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni komfundi ezinqubweni zezokwelapha, futhi ukuzindla okulandelayo ngale mpendulo kungaqondisa ukufunda amakhono afanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Abantu abaphethe lo “mnyango” cishe sebethole ukuqeqeshwa okungaphezulu kweziqu emkhakheni wezemfundo.
Ukuthembeka ezingeni lezokwelapha kubikwe ukuthi kuthuthukisiwe ngokusebenzisa imitholampilo eminingi ezikoleni zamazinyo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemitholampilo emincane yokufinyelela abantu eyaziwa ngokuthi izikhungo zokufinyelela abantu. Izinhlelo zokufinyelela abantu ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemfundo yabafundi besikole samabanga aphezulu: abafundi bonyaka wokugcina bachitha isikhathi sabo esingafika ku-50% emitholampilo enjalo. Imitholampilo ekhethekile, imitholampilo yamazinyo yomphakathi ye-NHS kanye nokubekwa kodokotela kwakuhilelekile. Abaphathi bamazinyo bayahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwendawo, njengoba kunjalo nohlobo lwesipiliyoni sezokwelapha esitholwe ngenxa yokwehluka kwenani leziguli. Abafundi bathole ulwazi lokusebenza nabanye ochwepheshe bokunakekelwa kwamazinyo futhi bathola ukuqonda okujulile kwezindlela zochwepheshe. Izinzuzo ezifunwayo zifaka phakathi inani elikhulu nelihlukahlukene leziguli ezikhungweni zokufinyelela abantu uma kuqhathaniswa nemitholampilo yamazinyo esesikoleni.
Izindawo zokusebenza ze-Virtual Reality zithuthukiswe njengendlela ehlukile kumadivayisi ekhanda le-phantom yendabuko yokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono angaphambi kokwelashwa ezikoleni zamazinyo eziningana. Abafundi bagqoka izibuko ze-3D ukudala indawo ye-Virtual Reality. Izinkomba zomsindo nokuzwa zinikeza opharetha ulwazi oluqondile nolusheshayo lokusebenza. Abafundi basebenza ngokuzimela. Kunezinqubo ezahlukahlukene ongakhetha kuzo, kusukela ekulungiseleleni imbobo elula yabaqalayo kuya ekulungiseleleni i-crown kanye nokulungiselela ibhuloho kubafundi abathuthukile. Izinzuzo zibikwa ukuthi zifaka phakathi izidingo zokuqapha eziphansi, ezingathuthukisa umkhiqizo futhi zinciphise izindleko zokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zendabuko eziholwa ngumqondisi.
I-Computer Virtual Reality Simulator (i-CVRS) ihlanganisa amayunithi ekhanda le-phantom yendabuko kanye nehadiwe namakhamera e-infrared namakhompyutha ukudala i-virtual reality enezinhlangothi ezintathu zesikhala, ihlanganisa imizamo yomfundi ngokuqeqeshwa okuhle esikrinini.
Amadivayisi e-VR/haptic ayahambisana esikhundleni sokufaka esikhundleni sezindlela zendabuko, futhi kubikwa ukuthi abafundi bakhetha inhlanganisela yokuqapha kanye nempendulo yekhompyutha.
Iningi lezikole zamazinyo zisebenzisa i-VLE ukuze zinike amandla abafundi ukufinyelela izinsizakusebenza futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini eku-inthanethi enamazinga ahlukahlukene okuxhumana, njenge-webinar, izifundo, kanye nezinkulumo. Izinzuzo ze-VLE kubikwa ukuthi zifaka phakathi ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokuzimela njengoba abafundi bengakwazi ukuzibekela ijubane labo, isikhathi kanye nendawo yokufunda. Izinsizakusebenza eziku-inthanethi ezidalwe yizikole zamazinyo zabazali ngokwazo (kanye neminye imithombo eminingi edalwe ezweni lonke nakwamanye amazwe) ziholele ekwakhiweni komhlaba wonke kokufunda. Ukufunda nge-e kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokufunda ubuso nobuso kwendabuko (ukufunda okuhlanganisiwe). Le ndlela kukholakala ukuthi isebenza kangcono kunanoma iyiphi indlela yodwa.
Eminye imitholampilo yamazinyo inikeza ama-laptop avumela abafundi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza ze-VLE ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kokunikeza nokwamukela ukugxekwa ngokwezombusazwe kwandisa ukuzibandakanya komsebenzi kozakwabo. Abafundi baphawule ukuthi babethuthukisa amakhono okuzindla nokugxeka.
Umsebenzi weqembu ongafundiswanga, lapho abafundi beqhuba khona ama-workshop abo besebenzisa izinsiza ezinikezwa yisikole samazinyo se-VLE, ubhekwa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokuthuthukisa amakhono okuzilawula kanye nokubambisana adingekayo ekusebenzeni ngokuzimela.
Izikole eziningi zamazinyo zisebenzisa amaphothifoliyo (amadokhumenti enqubekela phambili yomsebenzi) kanye namaphothifoliyo e-elekthronikhi. Iphothifoliyo enjalo inikeza irekhodi elisemthethweni lempumelelo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, ijulisa ukuqonda ngokuzindla ngolwazi, futhi iyindlela enhle kakhulu yokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kanye namakhono okuzihlola.
Kubikwe ukuthi kukhona ukuntuleka kweziguli ezifanelekile ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha. Izincazelo ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi ukuba khona kweziguli okungathembekile, iziguli ezinesifo esingamahlalakhona ezinezifo ezincane noma ezingenazo nhlobo, ukungalandeli ukwelashwa kweziguli, kanye nokungakwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokwelapha.
Imitholampilo yokuhlola nokuhlola ikhuthazwa ukwandisa ukufinyeleleka kweziguli. Izihloko eziningana ziveze ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuntuleka kokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha kungabangela izinkinga lapho abafundi be-Foundation behlangana nokwelashwa okunjalo ngokoqobo.
Kukhona ukuthembela okwandayo ku-GDP yesikhashana kanye nothisha bezokwelapha ngaphakathi kwabasebenzi bokwelapha amazinyo abavuselelayo, kanye nendima yabasebenzi bezokwelapha abaphezulu eba ngabaqondisi nabaqondisi abaphezulu ababhekene nezindawo ezithile zokuqukethwe kwezifundo. Ingqikithi yezihloko ezingu-16/57 (28%) zikhulume ngokuntuleka kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha emazingeni okufundisa nobuholi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-29-2024