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Isingeniso Imibizi Ebusayo ye-Dental Industry e-UK ne-Ireland idinga odokotela bamazinyo ukuthi bafaneleke futhi babe nolwazi, amakhono kanye nezimpawu zokuzenza bakwazi ukuzijayeza ngokuphephile ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadiwe ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadiwe ngaphandle kokugadwa ngaphandle kokugadiwe ngaphandle kokugadiwe. Izindlela izikole zamazinyo ezifinyelela ngazo le nhloso zingahluka futhi ziguqulwe ngokuphendula izinguquko ekulindelweni kwezinkampani nezinselelo zemfundo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi iziphi izindlela ezisebenza kahle futhi zisabalalisa imikhuba emihle echazwe ezincwadini.
Izinhloso zokusebenzisa isibuyekezo sokuhlola ukukhomba izindlela zokufundisa amakhono okuma amazinyo avela ezincwadini ezishicilelwe, kufaka phakathi izinto ezintsha, ukugqugquzelwa koshintsho, nezinto ezithonya ikhwalithi nekhwalithi yokufundisa.
Izindlela. Indlela yokubukeza ye-Scoping yayisetshenziselwa ukukhetha nokuhlaziya izihloko ezingama-57 ezishicilelwe phakathi kuka-2008 no-2018.
Imiphumela. Ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokufunda ezibonakalayo ziye zasizakala ezintsha ekufundiseni nasekufundeni okuzimele nokuzimela. Ukuqeqeshwa kwezandla ze-preferliinical kwenziwa ekwenziweni kwezobuchwepheshe kwezobuchwepheshe kusetshenziswa amakhanda e-mannequin, kanti ezinye izikole zamazinyo zibuye zisebenzise ama-simulators angokoqobo angokoqobo. Umuzwa wezempilo utholwe ngokuyinhloko emitholampilo eminingi kanye nezikhungo zokuqeqesha ezeselula. Inani elanele leziguli ezifanele, ezikhulayo izinombolo zabafundi, futhi zinciphe ubuhlakani kubikwe ukuthi kuholele ekunciphiseni okuhlangenwe nakho kwemitholampilo ngohlobo oluthile lwezokwelapha.
Isiphetho Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okugcina amakhono emtholampilo kukhiqiza abathweswe iziqu ezintsha ngolwazi oluhle lwethiyori, olulungiselelwe futhi bezethemba ngamakhono ayisisekelo kwemitholampilo, kepha bentula isipiliyoni sokunakekelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, okungahle kube nomphumela wokulungela okuncishisiwe ukuze uzijwayeze ngokuzimela.
Udonsela ezincwadini futhi ukhombisa umthelela wokwenziwa kwamanani ashiwo ngempumelelo kanye nokwenziwa kwamakhono wamazinyo afundisa ngaphesheya kwezindlela zemitholampilo.
Kuhlonzwa amathuba amaningi ngababambiqhaza maqondana nezindawo ezithile zomtholampilo lapho kwakubikwa khona ubungozi bokulungiselela okunganele kwemikhuba ezimele.
Iwusizo kulabo ababandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokufundisa ezingeni le-undergraduate, kanye nalabo ababandakanyeka esibonakalayo phakathi kweziqu ze-undergraduate kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo.
Izikole zamazinyo ziyadingeka ukuhlinzeka abathweswe iziqu ngamakhono nolwazi oluzobenza bakwazi ukuzijwayeza ngobuhlakani, ngesihawu nangezimele ngaphandle kokugada isigaba, njengoba kuchazwe "engxenyeni ethi" njengoba kuchazwe "isigaba" sokulungiselela ". 1
UMkhandlu Wamazinyo wase-Ireland unekhodi yokusebenza ebeka okulindelwe kwayo ezindaweni eziningi zomtholampilo. Abangu-2,3,4,5
Yize imiphumela yohlelo lwe-Undergraduate embusweni ngamunye ichazwa ngokucacile, isikole ngasinye samazinyo sinelungelo lokuthuthukisa ikharikhulamu yalo. Izinto ezisemqoka ukufundiswa kwethiyori okuyisisekelo, umkhuba ophephile wamakhono ayisisekelo okuhlinza ngaphambi kokuxhumana kwesiguli, kanye nokuhlonishwa kwamakhono eziguli ngaphansi kokugadwa.
Iziqu zakamuva kakhulu e-UK zingena ngohlelo lonyaka owodwa ezibizwa ngeSisekelo Training, oluxhaswe yiNational Health Service, lapho zisebenza khona endaweni ekhethiwe ngaphansi kweNhloko yezeMfundo (eyayingumqeqeshi wezemfundo eyisisekelo ye-NHS Umkhuba wokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo). Usizo). . Ababambiqhaza baba khona ezinsukwini zokufunda okungenani ezingama-30 ezidingekayo esikoleni seziqu sendawo ukuze ziqeqeshelwe ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe kwendawo. Le nkambo yathuthukiswa nguMkhandlu Wama-Deans kanye nabaqondisi be-Postgraduate Dentistry e-UK. Ukuqedwa okunelisayo kwale khosi kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuthi udokotela wamazinyo angafaka isicelo senombolo yomenzi bese aqala ukuzijwayeza i-GP noma ajoyine insiza yesibhedlela ngonyaka olandelayo.
E-Ireland, odokotela bamazinyo abasanda kuthweswa iziqu bangafaka umkhuba ojwayelekile (GP) noma isikhundla esibhedlela ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa.
Inhloso yale phrojekthi yocwaningo bekuwukuqhuba ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi okuhlangenwe nakho ukuhlola nokubalabala uhla lwezindlela zokufundisa amakhono okuthola amazinyo ezikoleni zamazinyo e-UK nase-Ireland ukuthola ukuthi kungani izindela ezintsha zokufundisa ziye zavela. Ukuthi indawo yokufundisa isishintshile, ubuhlakani kanye nemibono yabafundi yokufundisa, nokuthi ukufundisa kahle kulungiselela kanjani abafundi bempilo ekuziphatheni kwamazinyo.
Izinhloso zocwaningo olungenhla zilungele indlela yocwaningo lwenhlolovo. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Scoping kuyithuluzi elifanele lokunquma ubukhulu noma ubukhulu bezincwadi ngesihloko esinikeziwe futhi busetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngesibukezo sohlobo nenani lobufakazi besayensi obukhona. Ngale ndlela, izikhala zolwazi zingakhonjwa futhi ngathi ziphakamise izihloko zokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile.
Indlela yalokhu kubuyekezwa ilandele uhlaka oluchazwe ngu-Arksey no-O'Malyley 7 futhi lahlanjululwa nguLeack et al. 8 Uhlaka luqukethe uhlaka lwezinyathelo eziyisithupha eziklanyelwe ukuqondisa abacwaningi ngesinyathelo ngasinye senqubo yokubuyekezwa.
Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubuyekezwa kwe-Scoping kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezinhlanu: Ukuchaza umbuzo (Isinyathelo 1); Ukuhlonza izifundo ezifanele (Isinyathelo 2); yethula imiphumela (isinyathelo 5). Isigaba Sesithupha - izingxoxo - zashiywa. Ngenkathi i-levac et al. 8 Cabanga ngalesi sinyathelo esibalulekile endleleni yokubuyekezwa yeScoping ngoba ukubukeza kwababambe iqhaza kukhulisa ubukhali bocwaningo, Arksey et al. 7 Cabanga ngalesi sinyathelo ongakukhetha.
Imibuzo yocwaningo inqunywa ngokususelwa ezinhlosweni zokubuyekezwa, okuzohlola okukhonjiswayo ezincwadini:
Imibono yababambiqhaza (abafundi, ubuhlakani bezokwelapha, iziguli) mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kufundisa amakhono emitholampilo esikoleni samazinyo kanye nokulungiselela kwabo.
I-medline yonke i-database iseshwa kusetshenziswa ipulatifomu ye-ovid ukukhomba izindatshana zokuqala. Lokhu kusesha kwe-Pilot kunikeze amagama angukhiye asetshenziswa ekusesheni okulandelayo. Sesha imininingwane yeWiley ne-ERIC (Ebsco Platform) usebenzisa amagama angukhiye "Ezemfundo Amazinyo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono kwemitholampilo" noma "ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono emitholampilo." Sesha database ye-UK usebenzisa amagama angukhiye "Imfundo yamazinyo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono kwemitholampilo" noma "Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono emitholampilo" Ijenali yamazinyo kanye ne-European Journal of Dental Education.
Iphrothokholi yokukhetha yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhethwa kwezindatshana bekukungaguquguquki futhi kuqukethe imininingwane obekulindeleke ukuthi iphendule umbuzo (Ithebula 1). Hlola uhlu lwezinkomba lwendatshana ekhethiwe ukuthola ezinye izindatshana ezifanele. Umdwebo we-Prisma kuMfanekiso 1 ufingqa imiphumela yenqubo yokukhetha.
Imidwebo yedatha yadalelwa ukukhombisa izici ezibalulekile nokutholakele okulindeleke ukuthi kuvezwe kwizici ezikhethiwe ze-athikili. 7 Imibhalo ephelele yezindatshana ezikhethiwe yabuyekezwa ukukhomba izingqikithi.
Ingqikithi yezindatshana ezingama-57 ezahlangabezana nenqubo ebekiwe kwiphrothokholi yokukhetha ekhethiwe ukufakwa ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi. Uhlu lunikezwa imininingwane yokungezelela online.
Lezi zihloko zingumphumela wokusebenza yiqembu labaphenyi kusuka ezikoleni zamazinyo eziyi-11 (ama-61% ezikole zamazinyo e-UK nase-Ireland) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2).
Izindatshana ezingama-57 ezahlangabezana nezindlela zokufaka lapho isibuyekezo zihlolisise izici ezahlukahlukene zokufundisa amakhono amazinyo emitholampilo emikhakheni ehlukene yomtholampilo. Ngokuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kwezindatshana, i-athikili ngayinye yahlelwa yaba yisiyalo sayo somtholampilo esihambisanayo. Kwezinye izimo, izindatshana zigxile ekufundisweni kwamakhono emitholampilo ngaphakathi kwesiyalo esisodwa somtholampilo. Abanye babuka amakhono amazinyo emitholampilo noma izimo ezithile zokufunda ezihlobene nezindawo zemitholampilo eziningi. Iqembu elibizwa nge- "Okunye" libonisa uhlobo lwento yokugcina.
Izindatshana ezigxile ekufundiseni amakhono okuxhumana kanye nokwenza umkhuba okubonakalayo kwafakwa ngaphansi kweqembu "lamakhono athambile". Ezikoleni eziningi zamazinyo, abafundi baphatha iziguli ezindala emitholampilo eminingi ebhekana nazo zonke izici zempilo yazo yomlomo. Iqembu "eliphelele lokunakekelwa kweziguli" libhekisela ezihlokweni ezichaza imizamo yezemfundo yezempilo kulezi zilungiselelo.
Mayelana nezinkomo zomtholampilo, ukusatshalaliswa kwezindatshana zokubuyekezwa ezingama-57 kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 3.
Ngemuva kokuhlaziya imininingwane, kuqhamuke izingqikithi ezinhlanu ezibalulekile, ngamunye unabangeli abaningana. Ezinye izindatshana ziqukethe idatha ngezihloko eziningi, ezinjengolwazi ngokufundisa imiqondo ye-theoretical kanye nezindlela zokufundisa amakhono asebenzayo emitholampilo. Izihloko zemibono ngokuyinhloko zisuselwa ocwaningweni olususelwa kwimibuzo olubonisa imibono yamakhanda oMnyango, abacwaningi, iziguli kanye nabanye ababambe iqhaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko setimu "sinikeze" izwi "elibalulekile elinezingcaphuno eziqondile ezindabeni eziyi-16 ezimele imibono yabahlanganyeli babafundi abangama-2042 (Umdwebo 4).
Naphezu komehluko omkhulu ngesikhathi sokufundisa ezifundweni ezikhona ezifundweni, kukhona ukuvumelana okukhulu ekusondelweni kokufundisa imiqondo yethiyori. Izinkulumo, izingqungquthela, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kubikwa ukuthi zinikezwe kuzo zonke izikole zamazinyo, ngokuthola okuthile okusekelwe yizinkinga. Ukusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa okuqukethwe (okungenzeka kube yisicefe) ngokuqukethwe ngezeluleko ezibonakalayo kutholakale ukuthi kuvamile ngokwesiko.
Ukufundisa kuhlinzekwa ngabasebenzi bezemitholampilo (abaphezulu kanye nabancane), ochwepheshe abajwayelekile kanye nochwepheshe abangochwepheshe (isib. Imisebe). Izinsiza eziphrintiwe zithathelwe indawo yizingosi eziku-inthanethi lapho abafundi bangafinyelela khona izinsizakusebenza zezifundo.
Konke ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuqonda emtholampilo esikoleni samazinyo kwenzeka ePhantom Lab. Izinsimbi ezijikelezayo, izinsimbi zezandla, nemishini ye-X-ray iyafana nalezo ezisetshenziswa emtholampilo, ngakho-ke ngaphezu kokufunda amakhono okuhlinzwa kwamazinyo endaweni eyenziwe, ungajwayela imishini, ama-ergonomics kanye nokuphepha kweziguli. Amakhono ayisisekelo wokubuyisela afundiswa eminyakeni yokuqala neyesibili, alandelwa ama-endodontics, ama-prosthodontics ahleliwe kanye nokuhlinzwa ngomlomo eminyakeni elandelayo (yesithathu kuya kweminyaka yesihlanu).
Imiboniso ebukhoma yamakhono emitholampilo iye yathathelwa indawo yizinsizakusebenza zevidiyo ezinikezwe yizindawo zokufunda zamazinyo ezibonakalayo (vles). Ikhono lobuhlakani bufaka othisha baseyunivesithi kanye nabasebenza ngokujwayelekile. Izikole eziningana zamazinyo zifake ama-simulators angokoqobo angokoqobo.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuxhumana kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokusebenzela, kusetshenziswa ofunda nabo kanye nabalingisi abethule ngokukhethekile njengeziguli ezenziwe ngezimo zokuxhumana ngaphambi kokuxhumana kweziguli futhi bavumele abafundi ukuthi bahlole ukusebenza kwabo.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokubhala, abafundi bakhiphe amazinyo avela eCadamer embethe amaThiel ukuthuthukisa amaqiniso.
Izikole eziningi zamazinyo zisungule imitholampilo ye-multispecialty lapho zonke izidingo zokwelashwa kweziguli zihlangana khona emtholampilo owodwa kunokuba zithola imitholampilo eminingi ekhethekile, ababhali abaningi abakholelwa yimodeli enhle kakhulu yokuzijwayeza okuyisisekelo.
Abaphathi bemitholampilo bahlinzeka ngempendulo ngokususelwa ekusebenzeni komfundi ngezinqubo zomtholampilo, kanye nokuboniswa okulandelayo kulempendulo kungaqondisa ukufundwa kwamakhono afanayo.
Abantu abaphethe lo "Mnyango" kungenzeka bathola ukuqeqeshwa okuthile okuphothule iziqu emkhakheni wezemfundo.
Ukwethembeka ezingeni lomtholampilo kubikwa ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ngokusetshenziswa kwemitholampilo eminingi ezikoleni zamazinyo nasekuthuthukisweni kwemitholampilo emincane eyaziwa njengezikhungo zokufinyelela. Izinhlelo zokufinyelela ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemfundo yabafundi bezikole eziphakeme: Abafundi be-Finali unyaka abafundi bachitha kuze kube yi-50% yesikhathi sabo emitholampilo enjalo. Imitholampilo Yochwepheshe, Imitholampilo Yamazinyo ye-NHS Community Dental kanye nokubekwa kwe-GP kwahileleka. Abaqondisi bamazinyo bayahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwendawo, njengoba uhlobo lwesipiliyoni somtholampilo lutholwe ngenxa yomehluko kubantu beziguli. Abafundi bathola isipiliyoni sisebenza nabanye ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwamazinyo futhi bathola ukuqonda okujulile kwezindlela zokuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokuhlola. Izinzuzo ezifunwayo zifaka phakathi inani elikhudlwana futhi elihlukahlukene ngesiguli ezikhungweni zokufinyelela kuqhathaniswa nemitholampilo yamazinyo esekwe esikoleni.
Ama-Workstations angokoqobo angokoqobo athuthukisiwe njengenye indlela yamadivayisi wendabuko we-phantom wokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuqonda endaweni embalwa yezikole zamazinyo. Abafundi bagqoka izingilazi ze-3D ukudala imvelo engokoqobo ebonakalayo. Ama-audiovisual nama-auditovious ahlinzekela opharetha anemininingwane yokusebenza ngokushesha. Abafundi basebenza ngokuzimela. Kunezinqubo ezahlukahlukene ongakhetha kuzo, kusuka ekuhlelweni okulula kwe-cavity yabaqalayo emqhele kanye nokulungiselela ibhuloho labafundi abathuthukile. Izinzuzo kubikwa ukuthi zibandakanya izidingo eziphansi zokuqapha, ezingathuthukisa umkhiqizo futhi zinciphise izindleko zokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo ze-Supervisor Devider-Led.
I-Computer Virtual Reality Simulator (CVRS) ihlanganisa amayunithi wekhanda lendabuko ye-phantom kanye ne-hardware enamakhamera we-infrared namakhompyutha ukudala okungokoqobo okungokoqobo kwe-cavity, ukumboza imizamo yomfundi enoqeqesho olufanele esikrinini.
Amadivayisi we-VR / HAPTIC ahambisana esikhundleni sokuthatha isikhundla sezindlela zendabuko, futhi abafundi kubikwa ukuthi bakhetha inhlanganisela yokugadwa kanye nempendulo yekhompyutha.
Izikole eziningi zamazinyo zisebenzisa i-vle ukunika amandla abafundi ukufinyelela izinsizakusebenza futhi babambe iqhaza emisebenzini eku-inthanethi ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okusebenzisana, njengama-webinars, tutorials nezinkulumo. Izinzuzo ze-vle kubikwa ukuthi zifaka ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokuzimela njengoba abafundi bangabeka ijubane labo, isikhathi nendawo yokufunda. Izinsizakusebenza eziku-inthanethi ezenziwe yizikole zamazinyo zabazali ngokwazo (kanye neminye imithombo eminingi eyenziwe kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe) ziholele ekufundeni kwembulunga yonke. Ukufunda nge-e kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokufunda kobuso bendabuko kobuso (Ukufunda okuhlanganisiwe). Le ndlela kukholakala ukuthi isebenza kangcono kunendlela noma iyiphi indlela yodwa.
Eminye imitholampilo yamazinyo ihlinzeka ngama-laptops avumela abafundi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza ze-vle ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.
Isipiliyoni sokupha nokuthola ukugxekwa kwezombusazwe kwandisa umthelela womsebenzi onamandla. Abafundi baphawula ukuthi bathuthukisa amakhono okubonisa futhi abucayi.
Umsebenzi weqembu ongafundile, lapho abafundi benza khona ama-workshop abo besebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ezinikezwe yi-Vle Dental School, kubhekwa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokuthola amakhono okuziphatha nokubambisana adingekayo.
Izikole eziningi zamazinyo zisebenzisa amaphothifoliyo (amadokhumenti entuthuko yomsebenzi) namaphothifoliyo we-elekthronikhi. Iphothifoliyo enjalo inikezela ngerekhodi elisemthethweni lokufeza kanye nesipiliyoni, lijulisa ukuqonda ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho, futhi kuyindlela enhle yokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kanye namakhono okuzihlola.
Kunokushoda okubikwe kweziguli ezifanele ukufeza isidingo sobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha. Izincazelo ezingenzeka zifaka phakathi ukubakhona kweziguli okungathembeki, iziguli ezigula kakhulu ezinesifo esincane noma esingenazo iziguli, ukungakwazi ukwelashwa, nokungakwazi ukufinyelela kumasayithi wokwelashwa.
Ukuhlola kanye nemitholampilo yokuhlola kuyakhuthazwa ukukhulisa ukutholakala kweziguli. Izindatshana eziningana eziphakamise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuntuleka kokwelashwa okuthile kwemitholampilo kungadala izinkinga lapho abaqeqeshi besisekelo behlangabezana nokwelashwa okunjalo.
Kukhona ukuthembela okwandayo kwe-GDP ye-GDP yengxenye ye-GDP kanye ne-Clinical ngaphakathi kwabasebenzi bokubuyisa amazinyo abasebenza, ngokuba neqhaza le-Selivel Clinical Clinical iba senyuka ngokugada kanye namasu abhekele izindawo ezithile okuqukethwe okuqukethwe. Ingqikithi yezindatshana eziyi-16/28%) ezishiwo ukushoda kwabasebenzi basemtholampilo emazingeni okufundisa nasebuholweni.
Isikhathi sePosi: Aug-29-2024