Leli phepha lesikhundla lihlola izinguquko zomlando kanye nemikhuba yamanje emfundweni yamazinyo kanye nokusebenza kanye nemizamo yokubikezela ikusasa. Imfundo yamazinyo kanye nokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, isemgwaqweni. Ikusasa lakhiwe ngamandla amane ayisisekelo: izindleko ezikhuphukayo zemfundo, ukungasebenzi kahle kokunakekelwa kwamazinyo, ukuhlanganiswa kokunakekelwa kwamazinyo, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Imfundo yamazinyo ingafaka phakathi ukufunda komuntu siqu, okusekelwe kumakhono, okuhambisanayo, okuxubile, okubhekene nobuso nobuso kanye nokufunda okubonakalayo, okuhlinzeka abafundi ngamaphuzu amaningi okuqala nokugcina. Ngokufanayo, amahhovisi amazinyo azoba yingxubevange, kanye nokunakekelwa kweziguli mathupha kanye nokubonakalayo okutholakalayo. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buzokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuxilongwa, ukwelashwa kanye nokuphathwa kwehhovisi.
“Imfundo yamazinyo kanye nokusebenza kuseduze” kuvame ukukhulunywa ngakho ezingxoxweni zethu zobungcweti. Lesi sitatimende sinengqondo kakhulu manje kunango-1995 (1). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubudlelwano phakathi kwemfundo yamazinyo kanye nokusebenza njengoba kuthintana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda okuphelele isimo samanje kudinga ukucatshangelwa kwemikhuba yesikhathi eside eyakha lezi zindawo.
Imvelaphi yemfundo yamazinyo ingalandelelwa emodelini engakahleleki esekelwe ekufundeni lapho lo msebenzi wadluliselwa khona kusuka komunye udokotela kuya komunye. Ngokuvulwa kwesikole sokuqala samazinyo eBaltimore ngo-1840, leli siko lashintsha laba uhlelo olusemthethweni olusekelwe esikoleni. Imfundo yamazinyo isanda kubhekana nezinguquko ezibalulekile kusukela emfundweni esekelwe endaweni kuya emfundweni esatshalaliswe kusetshenziswa izindawo eziningi zemitholampilo kanye namamodeli ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa kokubili ukuxhumana okubonakalayo kanye nobuso nobuso, okwandiswa yizinselele ezibangelwa ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 olushintshayo.
Eminyakeni engu-183 selokhu kwasungulwa iBaltimore School of Dental Medicine, isikole sokuqala samazinyo e-United States, isimo semfundo yamazinyo sishintshe kakhulu. Imfundo yamazinyo isuke ezikoleni ezizimele, ezenzelwe inzuzo, ezizimele zobungcweti yaya ezikhungweni zemfundo yezempilo ezisekelwe eyunivesithi, ezingenzi nzuzo. Inani lezikole zamazinyo e-United States lafinyelela phezulu ngo-1900 lafika ku-57, lehla laya ku-38 cishe ngo-1930 ngemuva kokushicilelwa kombiko we-Gies (2), labe selibuya laya ku-60 ngawo-1970. Ngemva kokuvala nokuvulwa kabusha ngawo-1980, inani lezikole manje limi ku-72, kanti okungenani ezinye izikole eziyisikhombisa zihlelelwe ukuvulwa eminyakeni engu-2-3 ezayo (3).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingxenye zemfundo yamazinyo ziya ngokuya ziba nzima. Ekuqaleni, umfundi oyedwa, uthisha oyedwa, isiguli esisodwa kanye nendawo eyodwa ebonakalayo kuzokwanela. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eyi-183 edlule, izifundo, imitholampilo, izindawo zangaphambi kokwelashwa, zasekilasini, kanye nezindawo zokulingisa ziye zakhula futhi zahlukahluka. Ikhwalithi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwabafundisi, izinqubo zokuhlola ezisemthethweni, kanye nezingxenye zomthetho kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho eminingi kuyangezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ulwazi lwemfundo iyonke.
Izindleko zemfundo yamazinyo nazo zishintshe kakhulu, zandisa umthwalo wezikweletu zabafundi. Ezigabeni zokuqala, ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni okuvela kudokotela wamazinyo kuyadingeka, futhi ngemva kweminyaka eyi-1-2, abafundi bangasebenza ngokuzimela. Ukulawulwa komkhuba wobudokotela bamazinyo e-United States kwakuqala ngokungahleliwe, kanti i-Alabama yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala ukuyilawula ngo-1841. Ngo-1910, ilayisensi kahulumeni yaba yimpoqo kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, imali yokufunda yayibiza cishe amaRandi ayi-100, imali enkulu kakhulu. Ngokuvulwa kwesikole sokuqala samazinyo ngo-1840, imali yokufunda engu-$100 kuya ku-$200 yaba yinto evamile. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-140 (1880 kuya ku-2020), imali yokufunda esikoleni samazinyo esizimele esivamile e-United States ikhuphuke izikhathi ezingu-555, idlula izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-25 (4). Ngo-2023, isilinganiso sesikweletu sabaphothule esikoleni samazinyo muva nje sizoba ngu-$280,700 (5).
Umlando ohlanganisa izici eziningi wokwelapha amazinyo uvela ezinhlobonhlobo zokwelapha, ngayinye eyenzeka ezindaweni ezahlukene ngesikhathi sayo esibanzi (Isithombe 1). La mazinga afaka phakathi ukwelapha amazinyo okukhipha, okuyindlela yokuqala yokwelapha; ukwelapha amazinyo okubuyisela kanye nokwelapha okunye, okwaqala ngo-1728 ngesikhathi sikaPierre Fauchard, abaningi ababheka "njengobaba wokwelapha amazinyo", ngokusekelwe kudokotela wamazinyo okuvimbela, owaqala ngo-1945. Ukuxilongwa; Ukwelapha amazinyo okusekelwe kudokotela wamazinyo kwavela ngawo-1960 ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa amanzi nge-fluoridation, lapho amathe, uketshezi lomlomo kanye nezicubu kwaba yisihluthulelo sokuthola izifo zasendaweni nezesistimu. Ukwelashwa okuguqukayo okwamanje kuyathuthukiswa okuhlinzeka ngempilo yomlomo ngokusekelwe ekuvuseleleni nasekuphatheni i-microbiome, okuvula indlela yekusasa lokwelapha amazinyo. Umbuzo obalulekile ukuthi kuzoba yini isilinganiso salezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kwamazinyo esikhathini esizayo.
Isithombe 1. Izigaba zomlando zodokotela bamazinyo. Kucashunwe ku-Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dental History ka-Andrew Spielman. https://historyofdentistryandmedicine.com/a-timeline-of-the-history-of-dentistry/. Kuphrintiwe kabusha ngemvume.
Lolu shintsho lushintshe umkhuba wokwelapha amazinyo kusukela ekugxileni kuphela kwemishini (ukukhipha, ukufaka esikhundleni kanye nokuvuselela amazinyo) kwaba yilowo obuswa izici zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji (ukwelapha amazinyo okuvimbelayo) futhi manje usungena emkhakheni wezempilo yomlomo yama-molecule (ukwelapha amazinyo okuvuselelayo). ). futhi usekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-microbiome).
Okunye ukuvela okubalulekile kwenzeke emlandweni wokwelapha amazinyo: kusukela endleleni ejwayelekile yokwelapha amazinyo (kuyo yonke ingxenye enkulu yomlando wawo) kuya endleleni ekhethekile (eqala cishe ngo-1920) ephawulwa ubungqayizivele bomsebenzi wamazinyo. Udokotela wamazinyo uphendukela ezinhlotsheni zokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ezibonisa indlela ebucayi neqondene nomuntu siqu empilweni yomlomo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlobo zokuqala zodokotela bamazinyo zashintsha kusukela kodokotela bamazinyo abahambahambayo abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezindaweni ezahlukene (iningi lodokotela bamazinyo ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19) zaya emodelini yokunakekelwa kwamazinyo engashintshi kakhulu (ikhulu le-19 kuze kube manje). Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, ngokufika kodokotela be-teledentistry, kwavela uhlobo oluhlanganisiwe lokulethwa kokunakekelwa kwamazinyo oluhlanganisa izinsizakalo zendabuko zobuso nobuso nokusebenzisana kwedijithali okukude, ngaleyo ndlela kwashintsha indlela yokunakekelwa kwamazinyo okulethwa ngayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sendawo yokusebenza kwamazinyo naso sashintsha, kusukela endaweni yokusebenza kwamazinyo yangasese (kuyo yonke ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19 nelama-20) kuya endaweni yokusebenza yamaqembu ephethwe ngodokotela wamazinyo oyedwa noma ngaphezulu (kusukela ngawo-1970). Ukushintshela enhlanganweni ephethwe yinkampani yamazinyo (i-DSO) (ikakhulukazi eminyakeni engama-20 edlule). Lo mkhuba wamuva ophawulekayo, odumile kakhulu phakathi kwabaphothule abasebasha, uqokomisa ukushintsha kwezakhiwo zabahlinzeki bamazinyo kanye nokuthambekela kokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zokusebenza zamazinyo okufana nomkhuba wezokwelapha emashumini eminyaka edlule. Isakhiwo sobunikazi bezindawo zokusebenza zamazinyo ngazinye sishintshe kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-16 edlule. Phakathi kwalabo abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu, ubunikazi bomuntu siqu bendawo yokusebenza kwamazinyo behle kancane ngo-1%, kuyilapho phakathi kwalabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-30 ukwehla kwakubaluleke kakhulu, kwafinyelela ku-15% (6). Ucwaningo lweKlasi lika-2023 luthole ukuthi ama-34% abaphothule abahlela ukungena endaweni yokusebenza yangasese ngemva kokuphothula babecabanga ukujoyina i-DSO, inani eliphindwe kabili eminyakeni emihlanu kuphela (5). Lolu shintsho luqokomisa umehluko wezizukulwane kumamodeli wobunikazi athandwa ochwepheshe bamazinyo abasebasha ngenxa yezingozi eziphakeme, imithwalo yokuphatha kanye nezindleko zokusebenzisa umtholampilo ozimele. Ukuhlanganiswa komtholampilo wamazinyo nakho kuphonsela inselelo ukuzimela kwendabuko kodokotela bamazinyo.
Ukulawulwa kwamazinyo kanye nokwengamela e-United States kuye kwashintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngesikhathi sobukoloni, ukwengamela kwakungasekho nhlobo. Ngo-1923, lesi sakhiwo sase sikhule saba izikhungo ezine (Umfanekiso 2). Eminyakeni eyi-100 eyalandela, indawo yokulawula yanda kakhulu, futhi amandla okwengamela anda afinyelela okungenani ku-45 kahulumeni, izinhlangano zesifundazwe, nezendawo, amakhomishini, kanye neminyango ephezulu. Le ntuthuko ibonisa ukwanda okukhulu kobunzima kanye nokuhlukahluka kwengqalasizinda yokulawula kanye nomthwalo wokuphatha wezokwelapha amazinyo kanye nemfundo e-United States.
Amandla amane anamandla ayinselele imfundo yamazinyo yendabuko kanye nokusebenza kwayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindleko zemfundo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe efana neqiniso elibonakalayo nelithuthukisiwe, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ubuchwepheshe be-teledentistry, ukwelashwa kwamazinyo "okungangenisi", okungukuthi, ukwelashwa okungangenisi okwenziwa abahlinzeki abaningi abasezingeni eliphakathi ngisho nomphakathi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemikhuba yamazinyo.
Okokuqala kuthinta imfundo, okwesithathu nokwesine kuthinta umkhuba, kanti okwesibili kuthinta kokubili. Lezi zindawo zixoxwa kafushane ngezansi futhi zivula ingxoxo mayelana nokuthi imfundo yamazinyo kanye nomkhuba kungaqondiswa kuphi.
Nakuba sesixoxe kafushane ngezindleko zemfundo zamanje, kufanelekile ukubheka ngokujulile isidingo sokubhekana nezindleko zesikhathi esizayo ezizophoqa izikole ukuthi zenze izinguquko zamasu. Ikakhulukazi, kuzoba nesidingo esikhulayo sokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nemali yokufunda ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi angabizi kakhulu. Indlela ethembisayo kakhulu yokusebenza kahle okukhulu iwukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe okunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko eziphelele zokuhlinzeka ngemfundo.
Izindleko zesikole samazinyo zihlobene kakhulu nemiholo yothisha, abasebenzi bokuphatha, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa nezindleko ezihlobene nomtholampilo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva ngobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kubonise ikhono lokuqhubeka nemfundo yamazinyo esezingeni eliphezulu kude noma ngabe amahhovisi amazinyo asebenzayo avaliwe. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuletha izifundo eziningi ngedijithali, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe isidingo sothisha sokusebenzisa izinsiza ezabiwe. Lolu shintsho lungavula indlela yokuthi izikhungo eziningi zamazinyo zabelane ngekharikhulamu kanye nothisha kude esikhathini esizayo, kuqedwe isidingo sobunikazi futhi okungenzeka kuholele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwezindleko zokuphatha kanye nomholo wothisha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-virtual reality (VR) kanye ne-augmented reality (AR) simulations emfundweni yangaphambi kokwelashwa engahambisani kuyisinyathelo esishintshayo. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kungenza impendulo kanye nokufezwa kwamakhono ngamanye kube ngokwejubane elihlukile, okukhumbuza izinhlelo zokuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza ezisebenzisa ama-simulators ukuthuthukisa amakhono. Le ndlela inamandla okuguqula imfundo yamazinyo yangaphambi kokwelashwa ngokudala indawo yokufunda esebenza kahle futhi ehlelekile.
I-VR okwamanje isetshenziswa ezikoleni ezahlukene zezokwelapha nezamazinyo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo. I-HoloAnatomy, eyathuthukiswa yi-Case Western Reserve University, inikeza amakhono angokoqobo angeziwe avumela abafundi bezokwelapha ukuthi basebenzisane namamodeli e-anatomical e-holographic e-3D ukuze bafunde ngokujulile. Olunye uhlelo, i-TouchSurgery, lunikeza i-simulator yokuhlinzwa ye-VR evumela ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuthi basebenzise izinqubo ezahlukene zokuhlinzwa endaweni engokoqobo ye-3D. I-Osso VR igxile ekuqeqeshweni kokuhlinzwa futhi inikeza indawo ebonakalayo lapho ochwepheshe bezempilo bangazijwayeza khona ukuhlinzwa futhi bathuthukise amakhono abo ngokulingisa okungokoqobo. Okokugcina, i-Virti inikeza ukulingisa kwe-VR kanye ne-AR kokuqeqeshwa kokuphendula okuphuthumayo. Ochwepheshe bezempilo bangazijwayeza ukuphendula eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha ezimweni zangempela.
Izibonelo eziningana zokusetshenziswa kwe-AI zifaka phakathi ukulingisa kweziguli ze-AI, okuvumela abafundi bamazinyo ukuthi bazijwayeze izinqubo ezahlukahlukene endaweni engokoqobo nephephile ye-inthanethi (7). Lokhu kulingisa kungafaka phakathi izimo zokuhlolwa kokuxilonga, izinhlelo zokwelapha, kanye nezinqubo zokwenza izinto ngezandla.
a) Amapulatifomu okufunda aguquguqukayo asebenzisa ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa ukwenza ngokwezifiso okuqukethwe kwezemfundo ngokusekelwe enqubweni, isitayela sokufunda kanye nokusebenza kwabafundi ngabanye. Lawa mapulatifomu anganikeza izivivinyo ezenziwe ngezifiso, amamojula asebenzisanayo, kanye nezinsiza eziqondiwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zokufunda.
b) Izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuhlakani bokwenziwa zingahlaziya izithombe zokuxilonga, njenge-x-ray noma amafilimu angaphakathi komlomo, futhi zinikeze impendulo esheshayo ngamakhono abafundi okuhumusha. Lokhu kusiza abafundi ukuthuthukisa ikhono labo lokuxilonga izifo ezahlukahlukene zomlomo.
c) Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-virtual kanye ne-augmented reality ezinikezwa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa zakha okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda okujulile. Abafundi bangafunda amamodeli e-3D anemininingwane ye-anatomy yamazinyo, basebenzisane neziguli ze-virtual, futhi basebenzise izinqubo zokuhlinzwa endaweni yomtholampilo elingisiwe.
d) Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa busekela ukufunda ibanga ngokuhlinzeka ngamapulatifomu emfundo yebanga. Abafundi bangahlanganyela ezinkulumweni eziku-inthanethi, kuma-webinar nasezingxoxweni zokubambisana. Izici ze-AI zingafaka phakathi ukubhalwa okuzenzakalelayo, ama-chatbot e-Q&A, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokubandakanyeka kwabafundi.
e) Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zisebenzisana nabahlinzeki bezempilo kanye namanyuvesi ukuhlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwezemfundo ngamapulatifomu abo. Lokhu okuqukethwe kungafaka izihloko, amavidiyo, kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezisebenzisanayo ezihlanganisa izihloko ezahlukahlukene zamazinyo nezokwelapha. Isibonelo, iCoursera inikeza i-Frontiers in Dental Medicine and Dentistry evela eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania, i-Dentistry 101 evela eNyuvesi yaseMichigan, kanye ne-Dental Materials evela eNyuvesi yaseHong Kong. I-MIT OpenCourseWare inikeza ukufinyelela kwamahhala ezifundweni ze-Neuroscience nokuningi.
f) Okokugcina, iKhan Academy inikeza izifundo eziningi zamazinyo zamahhala ezihlanganisa izihloko ezifana nokwakheka komzimba womlomo, izinto zamazinyo, kanye nezifundo zesayensi eziyisisekelo ezivame ukunikezwa yizikole zezokwelapha nezamazinyo.
Esinye isici ukuhlinzekwa kokunakekelwa kwamazinyo okubonakalayo, okungangenisi uhlaselo. Ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo ngocingo sekuyindlela ehlukile yokunakekelwa kwamazinyo okwenziwa mathupha njalo.
Njengoba izindlela eziningi zokuvimbela amazinyo zingasaphazamisi kangako, kunesidingo esincane sokuba odokotela bamazinyo benze zonke izinyathelo ezinikezwayo njengamanje emahhovisi amazinyo. Abanye abahlinzeki bezempilo njengabahlanzi bamazinyo, abahlanzi bamazinyo abasezingeni eliphezulu, abelaphi bamazinyo, abahlengikazi bamazinyo ngisho nothisha, odokotela, abahlengikazi kanye nabazali bazokwazi ukunikeza ukunakekelwa okungaphazamisi, okwenza ubudokotela bamazinyo bungaphazamisi. Lapho ubudokotela bamazinyo bokuvimbela (i-fluoride, izinto zokuhlanza amazinyo, izinamathiseli zokufakelwa amazinyo, izivikelo zomlomo, kanye nemithi yobuhlungu) zifika emashalofini ezitolo ezithengiswa ngaphandle kwekhawuntara, ezinye izinsizakalo zinganikezwa abahlinzeki abasezingeni eliphakathi kanye nabangebona ochwepheshe.
Ekugcineni, kuyindaba yesikhathi nje ngaphambi kokuba ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kanye nobuchwepheshe be-teledentist kuhlangane ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo okungangenisi uhlamvu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, noma kuphi.
Esinye isici emfundweni yamazinyo kanye nokunakekelwa kwamazinyo ukubandakanyeka kobuchwepheshe obukhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa emfundweni nasekunakekelweni kwamazinyo. Izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zivame ukubambisana nezinhlangano zezempilo, izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ukukhuthaza izinhlelo zemfundo yezokwelapha. Izinkampani eziningana ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe ziya ngokuya zinesithakazelo ekusebenziseni amapulatifomu azo kanye nobuchwepheshe ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi, izinsiza kanye nokuqukethwe kwezemfundo okuhlobene nempilo yomlomo kanye neyonke. Izibonelo zifaka:
a) Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zithuthukisa futhi zikhuthaze izinhlelo zokusebenza namapulatifomu ahlobene nempilo ahlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwezemfundo ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene zezempilo. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zinganikeza ulwazi lokudla okunempilo, zilandelele ukuphuza amanzi, zikhumbuze abasebenzisi ukuthi baxubhe amazinyo abo, zinikeze izeluleko ezijwayelekile zokugcina inhlanzeko yomlomo enhle, futhi zinikeze ukubonisana kwamazinyo okubonakalayo noma amathiphu empilo yomlomo. Esifundweni se-Medline sika-2022, uThurzo et al. (8) bathole ukuthi izifundo zamazinyo ezihlobene nobuhlakani bokwenziwa zazihlanganisa i-radiology engu-26.36%, i-orthodontics engu-18.31%, ivolumu ejwayelekile engu-17.10%, i-prosthodontics engu-12.09%, ukuhlinzwa okungu-11.87%, kanye nemfundo engu-5.63%.
b) Sebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuthuthukisa abasizi bezempilo abahlinzeka ngolwazi lwezempilo oluqondene nawe kanye nezincomo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuhlakani bokwenziwa ezakhiwe yizinkampani zobuchwepheshe zibonisa ithemba lokuhlaziywa kwezithombe zamazinyo kanye nokuxilongwa. Isibonelo, ama-algorithm obuhlakani bokwenziwa asiza ukuhlaziya ama-radiograph amazinyo njenge-X-ray kanye ne-CBCT scans ukuze kutholakale izimo ezifana nokubola kwamazinyo, isifo se-periodontal kanye nokukhubazeka. Ziphinde zithuthukise ukucaca kwezithombe zamazinyo, zisize odokotela bamazinyo babone imininingwane ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi benze ukuxilongwa okunembile.
c) Ngokufanayo, ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa ahlola idatha yezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa ukujula kokuhlola i-periodontal, ukuvuvukala kwe-gingival (9) nezinye izici ezifanele, ukubikezela nokuxilonga isifo se-periodontal. Imodeli yokuhlola ingozi esebenzisa i-AI ihlaziya idatha yesiguli, okuhlanganisa umlando wezokwelapha, izici zendlela yokuphila kanye nemiphumela yezokwelapha, ukubikezela ingozi yokuthola izifo ezithile zomlomo. Njengamanje, amamodeli obuhlakani bokwenziwa adinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukulahleka kwamathambo e-periodontal (10).
d) Okunye okungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokwelapha ekuhlinzeni amazinyo kanye nokuhlinzwa kwe-orthognathic (11) ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwamazinyo nokwakha kabusha amamodeli edijithali e-3D (12) ukusiza ukubikezela ukunyakaza kwamazinyo nokuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwamazinyo okunyakaza kwamazinyo. ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa (13).
e) Izinhlelo zobuhlakani bokwenziwa zihlaziya izithombe ezitholwe kusetshenziswa amakhamera angaphakathi komlomo noma amanye amadivayisi okuthwebula izithombe ukuze kutholakale ukungajwayelekile noma izimpawu ezingaba khona zomdlavuza womlomo (14). Ama-algorithm obuhlakani bokwenziwa aqeqeshwe ukuhlonza nokuhlukanisa izilonda zomlomo, okuhlanganisa izilonda, ama-plaque amhlophe noma abomvu, kanye nezilonda ezibulalayo (14, 15). Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buhle kakhulu ekuxilongeni, kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngokwenza izinqumo zokuhlinzwa, kudingeka ukuqaphela.
f) Ezokwelapha amazinyo ezingane, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa busetshenziselwa ukuthola izilonda eziyingozi, ukuthuthukisa ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kwezithombe zokuxilonga, ukuthuthukisa ubuhle bokwelashwa, ukulingisa imiphumela, ukubikezela izifo zomlomo, nokukhuthaza impilo (16, 17).
g) Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa busetshenziswa ukuphatha umkhuba ngabasizi ababonakalayo kanye nama-chatbot asebenzisa i-AI ukusiza ukuhlela ama-aphoyintimenti nokuphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo yesiguli. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqaphela inkulumo obusebenzisa i-AI buvumela odokotela bamazinyo ukuthi banqume amanothi emtholampilo, kunciphisa isikhathi sokurekhoda. Ngokufanayo, i-AI ikhuthaza ukwelapha ngocingo ngokuvumela ukubonisana okukude, okuvumela odokotela bamazinyo ukuthi bahlole iziguli futhi benze izincomo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvakasha mathupha.
Ukuguqulwa kwemfundo yamazinyo kuhilela ukuguquka kusuka kumodeli ehlanganisiwe kuya endleleni ehlukaniswe kakhulu neyobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlukana kwemfundo yamazinyo kusobala njengoba kuqashelwa ukuthi ezinye izici zokufunda zingalethwa ngempumelelo ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa ukulingisa kanye nempendulo esekelwe ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa. Lokhu kusuka kumodeli yendabuko kuphonsela inselelo isidingo sokunikeza yonke imfundo ngasikhathi sinye ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa.
Kuphefumulelwe yisibonelo sokuqeqeshwa kwabashayeli bezindiza, okuqukethwe kwezemfundo yamazinyo yesikhathi esizayo kungathunyelwa kwezinye izikhungo zobuchwepheshe ezikhethekile, okufana nendlela amasayithi e-Prometric adlala ngayo ekuhlolweni. Lokhu kuhlela kabusha kusho ukuthi abafundi ngeke kusadingeka baqale futhi baqede uhambo lwabo lwezemfundo ngesethi ehleliwe "yabafundi ekilasini." Esikhundleni salokho, kuzokwakhiwa isheduli eyenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokusekelwe ekufezweni kwamakhono athile. Lawa makhono azogxila esigulini kunokuba agxile kubafundi futhi azosekelwe esikhathini, njengoba enjalo manje.
Nakuba imfundo yezokwelapha isadinga ulwazi olusebenzayo, isakhiwo seqembu eliqinile asisadingeki. Abafundi bangase bahlanganyele kulezi zici ezisebenzayo ngezikhathi ezahlukene, ezindaweni eziningi zezokwelapha, nasemaqenjini ahlukene. Imfundo ye-inthanethi izobusa izingxenye ze-didactic kanye nezangaphambi kwe-clinical, igcizelela ukuguquguquka ngokufunda okuhambisanayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ingxenye yezokwelapha izoba nefomethi ehlanganisiwe, ehlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu nezinto ze-virtual.
Uhlobo oluhlukaniswe, oluxubile, oluhambisanayo nolungahambisani nolwalolu hlobo lwemfundo yomuntu siqu luletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezomnotho kubafundi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusiza ukunciphisa izindima zendabuko zothisha besikole samazinyo, abasebenzi, nabaphathi futhi kuhlolwe kabusha isikhala esidingekayo. Ngakho-ke, ikusasa lemfundo yamazinyo lizosekelwe kumodeli enamandla futhi ephumelelayo evumelana nezidingo ezishintshayo zabafundi kanye nemboni.
Imodeli ehlongozwayo iyindlela eyodwa kuphela yokufeza ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko emfundweni yamazinyo; ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kufanele kufake izindleko eziphelele kanye nobude bemfundo yasekolishi kanye neyamazinyo. Ukunciphisa isikhathi semfundo yonke kunganciphisa izindleko ezingaba khona. Isibonelo, umkhuba wamanje wokwamukela abafundi ngemuva konyaka wokuqala ekolishi kwengxenye encane yabafundi ungaba nomthelela kulokhu kwehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude bemfundo yamazinyo bungafinyezwa ngokwenza izifundo zesayensi eziyisisekelo zibe yimpoqo. Enye indlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle, ukonga isikhathi, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko ukuhlanganisa i-DDS nemfundo yeziqu.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ubone ukwanda kokuhlanganiswa nokuthengwa komshuwalense wezempilo, izinsizakalo zezokwelapha, izitolo ezinkulu kanye namakhemisi. Lo mkhuba uholele ekuveleni "kwemitholampilo emincane," enikeza ukunakekelwa okuphelele kokuvimbela ezindaweni eziningi. Abathengisi abakhulu njengeWalmart kanye ne-CVS bafake udoti wamazinyo kule mitholampilo, beqasha ochwepheshe ukuthi banikeze ukunakekelwa okulula kokuhlinzwa nokuvimbela, bephonsela inselelo amamodeli okubuyiselwa kwemali endabuko.
Ukuhlanganisa izinsizakalo zamazinyo ohlelweni olubanzi lokunakekelwa kwempilo kungaguqula ukufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo eziphelele, okuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa okuvamile kokuvimbela, imijovo, imithi kadokotela, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo yomlomo, ngezindleko eziphansi. Imisebenzi elula ifinyelela ezinqubweni zokukhokha kanye nokuhlanganiswa kolwazi lwesiguli phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezempilo.
Le mitholampilo eguqula impilo igcizelela ukuvimbela kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo okuphelele, ikakhulukazi njengoba imbuyiselo yomshwalense ishintshela ekuhlolweni okusekelwe emiphumeleni, ishintsha ukuguquguquka kokunakekelwa kwempilo futhi ikhuthaza indlela ephelele yokuphila kahle kwesiguli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlanganiswa kokunakekelwa kwamazinyo kanye nokukhula kwemikhuba emincane kungenza odokotela bamazinyo babe ngabasebenzi kunokuba babe ngabanikazi bemikhuba abazimele.
Njengoba ukwanda okukhulu kwabantu asebekhulile kuqhubeka, enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nodokotela bamazinyo bezokwelapha isizovela. Uma ubheka inani labantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-57 abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu ngo-2022, inani labantu baseMelika abaseminyakeni efanayo kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele ezigidini ezingu-80 ngo-2050, ngokusho kwezilinganiso ze-US Census Bureau. Lokhu kulingana nokwanda kwesilinganiso sabantu abadala phakathi kuka-5% wabantu base-US (18). Njengoba izibalo zabantu zishintsha, kulindeleke ukwanda okufanayo kwenani eliphelele lezilonda zomlomo kubantu abadala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunesidingo esikhulayo sezinsizakalo zamazinyo ezibhekana ngqo nezidingo zempilo yomlomo ezihlukile zabantu abadala (19, 20).
Belindele intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, odokotela bamazinyo besikhathi esizayo kulindeleke ukuthi banikeze izinhlelo zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa izinsizakalo ezikude kanye nenhlanganisela yezokwelapha ngocingo kanye nokuxhumana ubuso nobuso. Isimo sokwelashwa esishintshayo siqokomisa ushintsho oluya ekunakekelweni kwezinto eziphilayo, kwama-molecule, kanye nokwenzelwe umuntu ngamunye (Isithombe 1). Lolu shintsho ludinga ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuthi bandise ulwazi lwabo lwezinto eziphilayo futhi bahlanganyele ngokujulile nentuthuko yesayensi.
Le ndawo eguqulayo ithembisa ukwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezikhethekile zamazinyo, lapho odokotela bamazinyo abasebenzisa ama-endodontist, odokotela bamazinyo, odokotela bezifo zomlomo, odokotela bamazinyo kanye nodokotela abahlinzayo bomlomo behola indlela yokwamukelwa kokwelashwa kwamazinyo okuvuselela. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuhambisana nomkhuba obanzi obheke ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi neziqondene nomuntu ngamunye zokunakekelwa komlomo.
Akekho one-crystal ball yokubikezela ikusasa. Kodwa-ke, izingcindezi ezivela ezindleleni zemfundo, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe zizokwanda emashumini eminyaka ezayo, zinikeze ezinye izindlela ezishibhile neziphumelelayo kunemodeli yamanje yemfundo yamazinyo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukungahleleki kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kwezokwelapha amazinyo kuzohlinzeka ngamathuba asebenza kahle, angabizi futhi abanzi okuvimbela nokunakekela.
Izinto zokuqala ezethulwe ocwaningweni zifakiwe esihlokweni/ezengeziwe, imibuzo eyengeziwe ingaqondiswa kumbhali ofanele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-05-2024