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Ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kwezokwelapha (AI) kukhula ngokushesha, kodwa izifundo zesikole sezokwelapha ezikhona zinikeza ukufundisa okulinganiselwe okuhlanganisa le ndawo. Lapha sichaza inkambo yokuqeqeshwa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa esiyisungulile futhi sayinikeza abafundi bezokwelapha baseCanada futhi senza izincomo zokuqeqeshwa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) kwezokwelapha bungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle emsebenzini futhi busize ekwenzeni izinqumo zomtholampilo. Ukuze kuqondiswe ngokuphephile ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, odokotela kumele babe nokuqonda okuthile kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Imibono eminingi ikhuthaza ukufundisa imiqondo ye-AI1, njengokuchaza amamodeli e-AI kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa2. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo ezimbalwa ezihleliwe ziye zasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ezingeni likazwelonke. UPinto dos Santos et al.3. Abafundi bezokwelapha abangu-263 bahlolwe futhi abangu-71% bavuma ukuthi badinga ukuqeqeshwa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ukufundisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ezilalelini zezokwelapha kudinga ukwakheka okucophelelayo okuhlanganisa imiqondo yobuchwepheshe kanye nengeyona eyobuchwepheshe kubafundi abavame ukuba nolwazi oluningi lwangaphambilini. Sichaza ulwazi lwethu lokunikeza uchungechunge lwemihlangano yokufundisa ye-AI emaqenjini amathathu abafundi bezokwelapha futhi senze izincomo zemfundo yezokwelapha yesikhathi esizayo ku-AI.
I-workshop yethu yamasonto amahlanu yokwethulwa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kwezokwelapha yabafundi bezokwelapha ibanjwe kathathu phakathi kukaFebhuwari 2019 no-Ephreli 2021. Ishejuli ye-workshop ngayinye, enencazelo emfushane yezinguquko zesifundo, iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Isifundo sethu sinezinhloso ezintathu zokufunda eziyinhloko: abafundi baqonda ukuthi idatha icutshungulwa kanjani ezicelweni zobuhlakani bokwenziwa, bahlaziye izincwadi zobuhlakani bokwenziwa zezicelo zemitholampilo, futhi basebenzise amathuba okubambisana nonjiniyela abathuthukisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yisihloko senkulumo kanti okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo yisikhathi semibuzo nezimpendulo ezisebenzisanayo. Ingxenye empunga iyona egxile ekubuyekezweni okufushane kwezincwadi. Izigaba eziphuzi ziyizifundo ezikhethiwe ezichaza amamodeli noma amasu obuhlakani bokwenziwa. Okuluhlaza kuyinkambo yokuhlela eqondiswayo eyenzelwe ukufundisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuxazulula izinkinga zezokwelapha nokuhlola amamodeli. Okuqukethwe kanye nobude bemihlangano yokusebenzela kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezidingo zabafundi.
I-workshop yokuqala yabanjelwa eNyuvesi yaseBritish Columbia kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli 2019, futhi bonke abahlanganyeli abangu-8 banikeze impendulo enhle4. Ngenxa ye-COVID-19, i-workshop yesibili yabanjelwa nge-inthanethi ngo-Okthoba-Novemba 2020, lapho abafundi bezokwelapha abangu-222 kanye nezakhamuzi ezingu-3 ezivela ezikoleni zezokwelapha zaseCanada ezingu-8 bebhalisa. Amaslayidi esethulo kanye nekhodi kulayishiwe kusayithi lokufinyelela elivulekile (http://ubcaimed.github.io). Impendulo ebalulekile evela ku-iteration yokuqala yayiwukuthi izinkulumo zazinzima kakhulu kanti izinto zazinengqondo kakhulu. Ukukhonza izindawo zesikhathi eziyisithupha ezahlukene zaseCanada kuletha izinselele ezengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, i-workshop yesibili yafinyeza iseshini ngayinye yaba yihora eli-1, yenza lula izinto zesifundo, yanezela izifundo ezengeziwe, futhi yadala izinhlelo ze-boilerplate ezavumela abahlanganyeli ukuthi baqedele iziqeshana zekhodi ngokulungiswa okuncane (Ibhokisi 1). Impendulo ebalulekile evela ku-iteration yesibili yayihlanganisa impendulo enhle ngezivivinyo zokuhlela kanye nesicelo sokubonisa ukuhlela iphrojekthi yokufunda komshini. Ngakho-ke, emhlanganweni wethu wesithathu, owawubanjelwe abafundi bezokwelapha abangu-126 ngoMashi-Ephreli 2021, sifake izivivinyo zokubhala amakhodi ezisebenzisanayo kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula ngephrojekthi ukukhombisa umthelela wokusebenzisa imiqondo yomhlangano kumaphrojekthi.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha: Insimu yokufunda ngezibalo ekhomba amaphethini abalulekile kudatha ngokuhlaziya, ukucubungula, nokuxhumana ngamaphethini edatha.
Ukumbiwa kwedatha: inqubo yokuhlonza nokukhipha idatha. Ngokwesimo sobuhlakani bokwenziwa, lokhu kuvame ukuba kukhulu, kuneziguquguquko eziningi zesampula ngayinye.
Ukunciphisa ubukhulu: Inqubo yokuguqula idatha enezici eziningi ngazinye ibe yizici ezimbalwa ngenkathi kulondolozwa izakhiwo ezibalulekile zesethi yedatha yokuqala.
Izici (ngomongo wobuhlakani bokwenziwa): izakhiwo ezilinganiswayo zesampula. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ngokushintshana nelithi “impahla” noma “ukuguquguquka”.
Imephu Yokusebenza Kwe-Gradient: Indlela esetshenziswa ukuhumusha amamodeli obuhlakani bokwenziwa (ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi e-convolutional neural), ehlaziya inqubo yokwenza ngcono ingxenye yokugcina yenethiwekhi ukuze kutholakale izindawo zedatha noma izithombe ezibikezela kakhulu.
Imodeli Ejwayelekile: Imodeli ye-AI ekhona eqeqeshwe kusengaphambili ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo.
Ukuhlola (ngomongo wobuhlakani bokwenziwa): ukubheka indlela imodeli eyenza ngayo umsebenzi isebenzisa idatha engakaze ihlangane nayo ngaphambili.
Ukuqeqeshwa (ngomongo wobuhlakani bokwenziwa): Ukunikeza imodeli enedatha nemiphumela ukuze imodeli ilungise amapharamitha ayo angaphakathi ukuze ithuthukise ikhono layo lokwenza imisebenzi isebenzisa idatha entsha.
Ivektha: uhlu lwedatha. Ekufundeni komshini, isici ngasinye se-array ngokuvamile siyisici esiyingqayizivele sesampula.
Ithebula 1 libala izifundo zakamuva zika-Ephreli 2021, kufaka phakathi izinhloso zokufunda eziqondiwe zesihloko ngasinye. Lo msebenzi wokufundisa uhloselwe labo abasha ezingeni lobuchwepheshe futhi awudingi ulwazi lwezibalo ngaphezu konyaka wokuqala weziqu zobudokotela ze-undergraduate. Le khosi yathuthukiswa ngabafundi bezokwelapha abangu-6 kanye nothisha abangu-3 abaneziqu ezithuthukisiwe kwezobunjiniyela. Onjiniyela bathuthukisa ithiyori yobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze bafundise, kanti abafundi bezokwelapha bafunda izinto eziphathelene nomtholampilo.
Ama-workshop afaka izinkulumo, izifundo zamacala, kanye nohlelo oluqondiswayo. Enkulumweni yokuqala, sibuyekeza imiqondo ekhethiwe yokuhlaziywa kwedatha ku-biostatistics, kufaka phakathi ukubona idatha, ukuhlehliswa kwe-logistic, kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwezibalo ezichazayo nezikhuthazayo. Nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kuyisisekelo sobuhlakani bokwenziwa, asizibandakanyi izihloko ezifana nokumbiwa kwedatha, ukuhlolwa kokubaluleka, noma ukubona okusebenzisanayo. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yimingcele yesikhathi futhi ngenxa yokuthi abanye abafundi abangaphansi kweziqu babeqeqeshwe ngaphambilini ku-biostatistics futhi babefuna ukumboza izihloko zokufunda komshini ezihlukile kakhulu. Inkulumo elandelayo yethula izindlela zesimanje futhi ixoxa ngokwakhiwa kwezinkinga ze-AI, izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yamamodeli e-AI, kanye nokuhlolwa kwamamodeli. Izinkulumo zihambisana nezincwadi kanye nocwaningo olusebenzayo kumadivayisi obuhlakani bokwenziwa akhona. Sigcizelela amakhono adingekayo ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kanye nokwenzeka kwemodeli ukubhekana nemibuzo yezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi ukuqonda imikhawulo yamadivayisi obuhlakani bokwenziwa akhona. Isibonelo, sicele abafundi ukuthi bachaze iziqondiso zokulimala kwekhanda lezingane eziphakanyiswe nguKupperman et al., 5 ezasebenzisa i-algorithm yesihlahla sesinqumo sobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ngabe i-CT scan izoba usizo ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kukadokotela. Sigcizelela ukuthi lesi yisibonelo esivamile se-AI enikeza ukuhlaziywa kokubikezela kodokotela ukuze bahumushe, esikhundleni sokushintsha odokotela.
Ezibonelweni zokuhlela ze-bootstrap zomthombo ovulekile ezitholakalayo (https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/programming_examples), sibonisa indlela yokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuhlola, ukunciphisa ubukhulu, ukulayisha imodeli ejwayelekile, kanye nokuqeqeshwa . kanye nokuhlola. Sisebenzisa ama-notebook e-Google Colaboratory (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA), avumela ikhodi ye-Python ukuthi isetshenziswe kusuka kusiphequluli sewebhu. Ku-Fig. Isibalo 2 sinikeza isibonelo sokuzilolonga kokuhlela. Lo msebenzi uhilela ukubikezela umdlavuza kusetshenziswa i-Wisconsin Open Breast Imaging Dataset6 kanye ne-algorithm yesihlahla sesinqumo.
Yethula izinhlelo kulo lonke isonto ngezihloko ezihlobene futhi ukhethe izibonelo ezivela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AI ezishicilelwe. Izinto zokuhlela zifakiwe kuphela uma zibhekwa njengezibalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ulwazi mayelana nomkhuba wezokwelapha wesikhathi esizayo, njengokuthi ungawahlola kanjani amamodeli ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi asekulungele yini ukusetshenziswa ezivivinyweni zezokwelapha. Lezi zibonelo ziphetha ngohlelo lokusebenza oluphelele oluhlukanisa izimila njengezingenabungozi noma ezinobungozi ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha esithombe sezokwelapha.
Ukungafani kolwazi lwangaphambilini. Abahlanganyeli bethu bahlukahluka ezingeni labo lolwazi lwezibalo. Isibonelo, abafundi abanezizinda zobunjiniyela ezithuthukisiwe bafuna izinto ezijulile, njengokuthi bangenza kanjani izinguquko zabo ze-Fourier. Kodwa-ke, ukuxoxa nge-algorithm ye-Fourier ekilasini akunakwenzeka ngoba kudinga ulwazi olujulile lokucubungula isignali.
Ukugeleza kokufika kwabafundi. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yokulandelela kwehle, ikakhulukazi kumafomethi aku-inthanethi. Isixazululo kungaba ukulandelela ukuba khona kwabafundi nokunikeza isitifiketi sokuphothula. Izikole zezokwelapha zaziwa ngokuqaphela imibhalo yemisebenzi yabafundi yangaphandle kwezemfundo, okungakhuthaza abafundi ukuthi baphishekele iziqu.
Umklamo Wezifundo: Ngenxa yokuthi i-AI ihlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezincane, ukukhetha imiqondo eyinhloko yokujula nobubanzi obufanele kungaba yinselele. Isibonelo, ukuqhubeka kokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-AI kusukela elabhorethri kuya emtholampilo kuyisihloko esibalulekile. Ngenkathi simboza ukucubungula idatha kusengaphambili, ukwakha imodeli, kanye nokuqinisekisa, asifaki izihloko ezifana nokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu, ukubona ngeso elisebenzisanayo, noma ukwenza izivivinyo zemitholampilo ze-AI, kunalokho sigxila emiqondweni ye-AI eyingqayizivele kakhulu. Umgomo wethu oqondisayo ukuthuthukisa ukufunda nokubhala, hhayi amakhono. Isibonelo, ukuqonda ukuthi imodeli icubungula kanjani izici zokufaka kubalulekile ekuhunyushweni. Enye indlela yokwenza lokhu ukusebenzisa amamephu okusebenzisa i-gradient, angabona ukuthi yiziphi izifunda zedatha ezingabikezelwa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudinga i-multivariate calculus futhi akukwazi ukwethulwa8. Ukuthuthukisa amagama ajwayelekile kwakuyinselele ngoba sasizama ukuchaza ukuthi singasebenza kanjani nedatha njenge-vectors ngaphandle kwe-formalism yezibalo. Qaphela ukuthi amagama ahlukene anencazelo efanayo, isibonelo, ku-epidemiology, "isici" sichazwa ngokuthi "i-variable" noma "i-attribute."
Ukugcinwa kolwazi. Ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-AI kunqunyelwe, izinga abahlanganyeli abaligcina ngalo ulwazi lisazobonakala. Izifundo zesikole sezokwelapha zivame ukuthembela ekuphindaphindweni okunezikhala ukuze kuqiniswe ulwazi ngesikhathi sokushintshana okusebenzayo,9 okungasetshenziswa nasemfundweni ye-AI.
Ubungcweti bubaluleke kakhulu kunokufunda nokubhala. Ukujula kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kuklanywe ngaphandle kokuqina kwezibalo, okwakuyinkinga lapho kwethulwa izifundo zezokwelapha zobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ezibonelweni zokuhlela, sisebenzisa uhlelo lwethempulethi oluvumela ababambiqhaza ukuthi bagcwalise amasimu futhi basebenzise isofthiwe ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthi bangayisetha kanjani indawo ephelele yokuhlela.
Ukukhathazeka mayelana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa okubhekwe: Kunokukhathazeka okusabalele ngokuthi ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bungathatha indawo yemisebenzi ethile yezokwelapha3. Ukuze sibhekane nale nkinga, sichaza imikhawulo ye-AI, okuhlanganisa neqiniso lokuthi cishe bonke ubuchwepheshe be-AI obuvunyelwe abalawuli badinga ukugadwa odokotela11. Siphinde sigcizelele ukubaluleka kokukhetha ngoba ama-algorithms athambekele ekukhetheni, ikakhulukazi uma isethi yedatha ingahlukani12. Ngenxa yalokho, iqembu elincane elithile lingase liklanywe ngendlela engafanele, okuholela ezinqumweni zezokwelapha ezingafanele.
Izinsiza ziyatholakala emphakathini: Sidale izinsiza ezitholakala emphakathini, okuhlanganisa amaslayidi ezifundo kanye nekhodi. Nakuba ukufinyelela kokuqukethwe okuhambisanayo kunqunyelwe ngenxa yezindawo zesikhathi, okuqukethwe komthombo ovulekile kuyindlela elula yokufunda okuhambisanayo njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-AI bungatholakali kuzo zonke izikole zezokwelapha.
Ukubambisana Kwemikhakha Ehlukahlukene: Lo mhlangano wokusebenzela uwumsebenzi ohlanganyelwe oqalwe abafundi bezokwelapha ukuhlela izifundo kanye nonjiniyela. Lokhu kukhombisa amathuba okubambisana kanye nezikhala zolwazi kuzo zombili lezi zindawo, okuvumela abahlanganyeli ukuthi baqonde indima engaba khona abangayifaka esikhathini esizayo.
Chaza amakhono ayisisekelo e-AI. Ukuchaza uhlu lwamakhono kunikeza isakhiwo esijwayelekile esingafakwa ezinhlelweni zezokwelapha ezisekelwe kumakhono ezikhona. Lo msebenzi wokufundisa okwamanje usebenzisa amazinga e-Learning Objective Levels 2 (Ukuqonda), 3 (Ukusebenza), kanye no-4 (Ukuhlaziywa) kwe-Bloom's Taxonomy. Ukuba nezinsiza emazingeni aphezulu okuhlukaniswa, njengokudala amaphrojekthi, kungaqinisa ulwazi. Lokhu kudinga ukusebenza nochwepheshe bezokwelapha ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi izihloko ze-AI zingasetshenziswa kanjani emisebenzini yezokwelapha nokuvimbela ukufundiswa kwezihloko eziphindaphindwayo esezifakiwe ezinhlelweni zezokwelapha ezijwayelekile.
Dala izifundo zecala usebenzisa i-AI. Njengezibonelo zezokwelapha, ukufunda okusekelwe ezimweni kungaqinisa imiqondo engaqondakali ngokugqamisa ukubaluleka kwayo emibuzweni yezokwelapha. Isibonelo, isifundo esisodwa se-workshop sihlaziye uhlelo lwe-Google lokuthola i-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela olusekelwe ku-AI 13 ukuze kutholakale izinselele endleleni kusukela elabhorethri kuya emtholampilo, njengezidingo zokuqinisekisa zangaphandle kanye nezindlela zokuvunyelwa komthetho.
Sebenzisa ukufunda okuhlangenwe nakho: Amakhono obuchwepheshe adinga ukuzijwayeza okugxile kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe ukuze uqonde kahle, okufana nokuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda okujikelezayo kwabafundi bezokwelapha. Esinye isixazululo esingaba khona yimodeli yekilasi eguquliwe, ebikwe ukuthi ithuthukisa ukugcinwa kolwazi emfundweni yobunjiniyela14. Kulo modeli, abafundi babuyekeza izinto eziphathelene nethiyori ngokuzimela futhi isikhathi sekilasi sinikezelwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ngezifundo zamacala.
Ukwandisa inani lababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene: Sibona ukwamukelwa kwe-AI okubandakanya ukubambisana emikhakheni eminingi, okuhlanganisa odokotela kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo abahlangene abanamazinga ahlukene okuqeqeshwa. Ngakho-ke, izifundo zingadinga ukwakhiwa ngokubonisana nabafundisi abavela eminyangweni ehlukene ukuze bavumelanise okuqukethwe kwabo nezindawo ezahlukene zokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bubuchwepheshe obuphezulu futhi imiqondo yabo eyinhloko ihlobene nezibalo kanye nesayensi yamakhompyutha. Ukuqeqesha abasebenzi bezempilo ukuqonda ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kuletha izinselelo ezihlukile ekukhetheni okuqukethwe, ukubaluleka kwezokwelapha, kanye nezindlela zokulethwa. Sithemba ukuthi ukuqonda okutholakale emihlanganweni yokusebenzela ye-AI in Education kuzosiza othisha besikhathi esizayo ukwamukela izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganisa i-AI emfundweni yezokwelapha.
Isikripthi se-Google Colaboratory Python sivulekile futhi sitholakala ku: https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/.
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Kerr, B. Igumbi lokufundela eliguquguqukayo emfundweni yobunjiniyela: Ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo. Imibiko yeNgqungquthela Yomhlaba Wonke ka-2015 Yokufunda Ngokubambisana Okusebenzisanayo (2015).
Ababhali babonga uDanielle Walker, uTim Salcudin, noPeter Zandstra abavela kwi-Biomedical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence Research Cluster eNyuvesi yaseBritish Columbia ngokusekela kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali.
I-RH, i-PP, i-ZH, i-RS kanye ne-MA babenesibopho sokuthuthukisa okuqukethwe kokufundisa kwe-workshop. I-RH kanye ne-PP babenesibopho sokuthuthukisa izibonelo zokuhlela. I-KYF, i-OY, i-MT kanye ne-PW babenesibopho sokuhlela izinto zephrojekthi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-workshop. I-RH, i-OY, i-MT, i-RS babenesibopho sokudala izibalo namathebula. I-RH, i-KYF, i-PP, i-ZH, i-OY, i-MY, i-PW, i-TL, i-MA, i-RS babenesibopho sokubhala nokuhlela idokhumenti.
I-Communication Medicine ibonga uCarolyn McGregor, uFabio Moraes, no-Aditya Borakati ngeminikelo yabo ekubuyekezweni kwalo msebenzi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-19-2024