Ubuchwepheshe be-Augmented reality (AR) bubonakale busebenza kahle ekuboniseni ulwazi nasekuboniseni izinto ze-3D. Nakuba abafundi bevame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AR ngamadivayisi eselula, amamodeli epulasitiki noma izithombe ze-2D zisasetshenziswa kabanzi ekuzilolongeni kokusika amazinyo. Ngenxa yemvelo yamazinyo enama-three-dimensional, abafundi bokusika amazinyo babhekene nezinselele ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamathuluzi atholakalayo anikeza isiqondiso esiqhubekayo. Kulolu cwaningo, sakha ithuluzi lokuqeqesha lokusika amazinyo elisekelwe ku-AR (AR-TCPT) futhi saliqhathanisa nemodeli yepulasitiki ukuze sihlole amandla alo njengethuluzi lokuzijwayeza kanye nesipiliyoni sokusetshenziswa kwalo.
Ukuze silingise amazinyo okusika, sidale ngokulandelana into engu-3D eyayihlanganisa inja eyinhloko kanye ne-maxillary first premolar (isinyathelo 16), i-mandibular first premolar (isinyathelo 13), kanye ne-mandibular first molar (isinyathelo 14). Amamaki esithombe adalwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Photoshop abelwa izinyo ngalinye. Sakha uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula olusekelwe ku-AR sisebenzisa injini ye-Unity. Ekuqopheni amazinyo, ababambiqhaza abangu-52 babelwa ngokungahleliwe eqenjini lokulawula (n = 26; kusetshenziswa amamodeli amazinyo epulasitiki) noma iqembu lokuhlola (n = 26; kusetshenziswa i-AR-TCPT). Kusetshenziswe uhlu lwemibuzo lwezinto ezingu-22 ukuhlola ulwazi lomsebenzisi. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuqhathanisa kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-Mann-Whitney U okungeyona ipharamitha ngohlelo lwe-SPSS.
I-AR-TCPT isebenzisa ikhamera yedivayisi yeselula ukuthola izimpawu zesithombe nokubonisa izinto ze-3D zezingcezu zamazinyo. Abasebenzisi bangalawula idivayisi ukuze babukeze isinyathelo ngasinye noma bafunde ukuma kwezinyo. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwesipiliyoni somsebenzisi ibonise ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula elisebenzisa amamodeli epulasitiki, iqembu lokuhlola le-AR-TCPT lithole amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqopha amazinyo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli epulasitiki endabuko, i-AR-TCPT inikeza ulwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi lapho eqopha amazinyo. Ithuluzi kulula ukulifinyelela njengoba lenzelwe ukusetshenziswa abasebenzisi kumadivayisi eselula. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kutholakale umthelela wezemfundo we-AR-TCTP ekubalweni kwamazinyo aqoshwe kanye namakhono omuntu ngamunye okuqopha.
Ukwakheka kwamazinyo kanye nokuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yekharikhulamu yamazinyo. Le khosi inikeza isiqondiso semfundiso kanye nesisebenzayo mayelana nokwakheka, umsebenzi kanye nokuqoshwa okuqondile kwezakhiwo zamazinyo [1, 2]. Indlela yendabuko yokufundisa ukufunda ngokwemfundiso bese kwenziwa ukuqoshwa kwamazinyo ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezifundiwe. Abafundi basebenzisa izithombe zamazinyo ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili (2D) kanye namamodeli epulasitiki ukuqoshwa kwamazinyo kumabhulokhi e-wax noma e-plaster [3,4,5]. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamazinyo kubalulekile ekwelashweni okuvuselelayo kanye nokwenza ukulungiswa kwamazinyo emtholampilo. Ubudlelwano obufanele phakathi kwamazinyo aphikisanayo nawaseduze, njengoba kuboniswe ukuma kwawo, kubalulekile ukugcina ukuzinza kwe-occlusal kanye ne-positional [6, 7]. Nakuba izifundo zamazinyo zingasiza abafundi ukuthi baqonde kahle ukwakheka kwamazinyo, basabhekene nezinselele enkambisweni yokusika ehlotshaniswa nemikhuba yendabuko.
Abasanda kufika emsebenzini wokwakheka kwamazinyo babhekene nenselele yokuhumusha nokukhiqiza kabusha izithombe ze-2D ngobukhulu obuthathu (3D) [8,9,10]. Ubujamo bamazinyo buvame ukumelelwa yimidwebo noma izithombe ezinobukhulu obubili, okuholela ebunzimeni ekubukeni isimo samazinyo ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo sokwenza ukuqopha amazinyo ngokushesha endaweni nesikhathi esilinganiselwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ze-2D, kwenza kube nzima ngabafundi ukucabanga nokubona izimo ze-3D [11]. Nakuba amamodeli amazinyo epulasitiki (angavezwa njengaqediwe kancane noma ngesimo sokugcina) esiza ekufundiseni, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kulinganiselwe ngoba amamodeli epulasitiki ezentengiselwano avame ukucaciswa kusengaphambili futhi anciphise amathuba okuzijwayeza kothisha nabafundi [4]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa mamodeli okuzivocavoca aphethwe yisikhungo semfundo futhi awakwazi ukuba ngawabafundi ngabanye, okuholela ekwandeni komthwalo wokuzivocavoca ngesikhathi sekilasi esibekiwe. Abaqeqeshi bavame ukufundisa inani elikhulu labafundi ngesikhathi sokuzijwayeza futhi bavame ukuthembela ezindleleni zokuzijwayeza zendabuko, okungabangela ukulinda isikhathi eside impendulo yomqeqeshi ezigabeni eziphakathi zokuqopha [12]. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo somhlahlandlela wokuqopha ukuze kube lula umkhuba wokuqopha amazinyo nokunciphisa imikhawulo ebekwa amamodeli epulasitiki.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Augmented reality (AR) buvele njengethuluzi elithembisayo lokuthuthukisa ulwazi lokufunda. Ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwedijithali endaweni yangempela, ubuchwepheshe be-AR bunganikeza abafundi ulwazi olusebenzisana kakhulu nolujulile [13]. UGarzón [14] wasebenzisa iminyaka engu-25 yesipiliyoni ngezizukulwane ezintathu zokuqala zokuhlukaniswa kwemfundo ye-AR futhi waphikisana ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi eselula nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingabizi kakhulu (ngamadivayisi eselula nezinhlelo zokusebenza) esizukulwaneni sesibili se-AR kuthuthukise kakhulu izici zokufinyelela kwezemfundo. . Uma sekudalwe futhi kwafakwa, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zivumela ikhamera ukuthi ibone futhi ibonise ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinto eziqashelwayo, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ulwazi lomsebenzisi [15, 16]. Ubuchwepheshe be-AR busebenza ngokubona ngokushesha ikhodi noma ithegi yesithombe kusuka kukhamera yedivayisi yeselula, bubonisa ulwazi lwe-3D olubekwe ngaphezulu uma lutholakala [17]. Ngokusebenzisa amadivayisi eselula noma izimpawu zesithombe, abasebenzisi bangabuka futhi baqonde izakhiwo ze-3D kalula nangokunembile [18]. Ekubuyekezweni kuka-Akçayır no-Akçayır [19], i-AR itholakale ikhulisa "ubumnandi" futhi "yandisa amazinga okuhlanganyela ekufundeni" ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobunzima bedatha, ubuchwepheshe bungaba "nzima kubafundi ukubusebenzisa" futhi bubangele "ukugcwala ngokweqile kwengqondo," okudinga izincomo ezengeziwe zokufundisa [19, 20, 21]. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokuthuthukisa inani lemfundo le-AR ngokwandisa ukusebenziseka kanye nokunciphisa ukugcwala ngokweqile kobunzima bomsebenzi. Lezi zici kudingeka zicatshangelwe lapho kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-AR ukudala amathuluzi okufundisa omkhuba wokuqopha amazinyo.
Ukuze kuqondiswe ngempumelelo abafundi ekuqopheni amazinyo kusetshenziswa izindawo ze-AR, inqubo eqhubekayo kumele ilandelwe. Le ndlela ingasiza ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka nokukhuthaza ukutholwa kwamakhono [22]. Abaqophi abaqalayo bangathuthukisa ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wabo ngokulandela inqubo yedijithali yokuqopha amazinyo ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo [23]. Eqinisweni, indlela yokuqeqesha ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo iboniswe iphumelela ekuqondeni amakhono okuqopha ngesikhathi esifushane nokunciphisa amaphutha ekwakhiweni kokugcina kokulungiswa [24]. Emkhakheni wokulungiswa kwamazinyo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokuqopha ebusweni bamazinyo kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokusiza abafundi ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo [25]. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuthuthukisa ithuluzi lomkhuba lokuqopha amazinyo elisekelwe ku-AR (AR-TCPT) elifanele amadivayisi eselula nokuhlola ulwazi lwalo lomsebenzisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luqhathanise ulwazi lomsebenzisi lwe-AR-TCPT namamodeli endabuko e-resin yamazinyo ukuze kuhlolwe amandla e-AR-TCPT njengethuluzi elisebenzayo.
I-AR-TCPT yenzelwe amadivayisi eselula kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-AR. Leli thuluzi lenzelwe ukudala amamodeli e-3D ezinyathelo ngezinyathelo wezinja ezincane, ama-premolars okuqala e-maxillary, ama-premolars okuqala e-mandibular, kanye nama-molars okuqala e-mandibular. Ukumodela kokuqala kwe-3D kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-3D Studio Max (2019, Autodesk Inc., USA), kanti ukumodela kokugcina kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iphakheji yesofthiwe ye-Zbrush 3D (2019, Pixologic Inc., USA). Ukumaka isithombe kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Photoshop (Adobe Master Collection CC 2019, Adobe Inc., USA), eyenzelwe ukuqashelwa okuzinzile ngamakhamera eselula, enjinini ye-Vuforia (PTC Inc., USA; http:///developer.vuforia.com)). Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-AR lusetshenziswa kusetshenziswa injini ye-Unity (Mashi 12, 2019, Unity Technologies, USA) futhi kamuva yafakwa futhi yaqaliswa kudivayisi yeselula. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwe-AR-TCPT njengethuluzi lomkhuba wokuqopha amazinyo, abahlanganyeli bakhethwa ngokungahleliwe ekilasini lomkhuba wokwakheka kwamazinyo lika-2023 ukuze bakhe iqembu lokulawula kanye neqembu lokuhlola. Abahlanganyeli eqenjini lokuhlola basebenzise i-AR-TCPT, kanti iqembu lokulawula lisebenzise amamodeli epulasitiki avela ku-Tooth Carving Step Model Kit (Nissin Dental Co., Japan). Ngemva kokuqeda umsebenzi wokusika amazinyo, ulwazi lomsebenzisi lwethuluzi ngalinye lokusebenza ngezandla lwahlolwa futhi lwaqhathaniswa. Ukuhamba komklamo wocwaningo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ngemvume yeBhodi Lokubuyekeza Lezikhungo laseSouth Seoul National University (inombolo ye-IRB: NSU-202210-003).
Ukumodela kwe-3D kusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ngokuqhubekayo izici zesimo sezakhiwo ezivelelayo nezigobile zezindawo zamazinyo ezinde, ezikude, ezibanzi, ezikhuluma ulimi kanye nezingabonakali ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqopha. Amazinyo okuqala e-premolar e-maxillary kanye ne-maxillary aklanywe njengezinga le-16, i-premolar yokuqala ye-mandibular njengezinga le-13, kanye ne-molar yokuqala ye-mandibular njengezinga le-14. Ukumodela kokuqala kubonisa izingxenye ezidinga ukususwa futhi zigcinwe ngokulandelana kwamafilimu amazinyo, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni. 2. Uchungechunge lokugcina lokumodela amazinyo luboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Kumodeli wokugcina, ukuthungwa, imiphetho kanye nemifantu kuchaza isakhiwo esicindezelwe sezinyo, kanye nolwazi lwesithombe lufakiwe ukuqondisa inqubo yokuqopha nokugqamisa izakhiwo ezidinga ukunakwa okuseduze. Ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuqopha, ubuso ngabunye bufakwe umbala ukuze bubonise ukuma kwaso, futhi ibhloko le-wax limakwe ngemigqa eqinile ekhombisa izingxenye ezidinga ukususwa. Izindawo ezikude nezikude zezinyo ziphawulwe ngamachashazi abomvu ukukhombisa izindawo zokuthintana kwezinyo ezizosala njengezibonisi futhi ngeke zisuswe ngesikhathi senqubo yokusika. Ebusweni be-occlusal, amachashazi abomvu aphawula i-cusp ngayinye njengegciniwe, kanti imicibisholo ebomvu ikhombisa indlela yokuqopha lapho kusikwa ibhlogo le-wax. Ukumodelwa kwe-3D kwezingxenye ezigciniwe nezisusiwe kuvumela ukuqinisekiswa kokwakheka kwezingxenye ezisusiwe ngesikhathi sezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokuqopha ibhlogo le-wax.
Dala ukulingiswa kokuqala kwezinto ze-3D ngenqubo yokuqopha amazinyo ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. a: Ubuso be-Mesial be-premolar yokuqala ye-maxillary; b: Ubuso be-labial obuphakeme kancane nobe-mesial be-premolar yokuqala ye-maxillary; c: Ubuso be-Mesial be-molar yokuqala ye-maxillary; d: Ubuso be-maxillary obuncane be-molar yokuqala ye-maxillary kanye ne-mesiobuccal. ubuso. B - isihlathi; La - umsindo we-labial; M - umsindo we-medial.
Izinto ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu (3D) zimelela inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo yokusika amazinyo. Lesi sithombe sibonisa into eqediwe ye-3D ngemuva kwenqubo yokumodela i-molar yokuqala ye-maxillary, sibonisa imininingwane kanye nokuthungwa kwesinyathelo ngasinye esilandelayo. Idatha yesibili yokumodela ye-3D ifaka into yokugcina ye-3D ethuthukisiwe kudivayisi yeselula. Imigqa enamachashazi imelela izingxenye zezinyo ezihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, kanti izingxenye ezihlukanisiwe zimelela lezo okumele zisuswe ngaphambi kokuba ingxenye equkethe umugqa oqinile ifakwe. Umcibisholo obomvu we-3D ukhombisa indlela yokusika yezinyo, indilinga ebomvu ebusweni obukude ikhombisa indawo yokuxhumana kwezinyo, kanti isilinda ebomvu ebusweni obukude ikhombisa i-cusp yezinyo. a: imigqa enamachashazi, imigqa eqinile, imibuthano ebomvu ebusweni obukude kanye nezinyathelo ezibonisa ibhulokhi ye-wax ekhishwayo. b: Ukuqedwa okulinganiselwe kokwakheka kwe-molar yokuqala yomhlathi ongaphezulu. c: Umbono wemininingwane we-molar yokuqala ye-maxillary, umcibisholo obomvu ubonisa indlela yezinyo kanye nentambo ye-spacer, i-cusp ebomvu ye-cylindrical, umugqa oqinile ubonisa ingxenye okufanele inqunywe ebusweni obukude. d: I-maxillary first molar ephelele.
Ukuze kube lula ukuhlonza izinyathelo zokuqopha ezilandelanayo kusetshenziswa idivayisi yeselula, kwalungiselelwa izimpawu ezine zesithombe ze-mandibular first molar, i-mandibular first premolar, i-maxillary first molar, kanye ne-maxillary canine. Izimpawu zesithombe zaklanywa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Photoshop (2020, Adobe Co., Ltd., San Jose, CA) futhi kwasetshenziswa izimpawu zezinombolo eziyindilinga kanye nephethini yangemuva ephindaphindayo ukuhlukanisa izinyo ngalinye, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Dala izimpawu zesithombe ezisezingeni eliphezulu usebenzisa injini ye-Vuforia (isofthiwe yokudala izimpawu ze-AR), bese udala futhi ulondoloze izimpawu zesithombe usebenzisa injini ye-Unity ngemuva kokuthola izinga lokuqashelwa kwezinkanyezi ezinhlanu zohlobo olulodwa lwesithombe. Imodeli yezinyo le-3D ixhunyaniswa kancane kancane nezimpawu zesithombe, futhi indawo yayo nosayizi wayo kunqunywa ngokusekelwe ezimpawini. Isebenzisa injini ye-Unity kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ezingafakwa kumadivayisi eselula.
Ithegi yesithombe. Lezi zithombe zibonisa izimpawu zesithombe ezisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo, ikhamera yedivayisi yeselula eyaziqaphela ngohlobo lwamazinyo (inombolo kumbuthano ngamunye). a: i-molar yokuqala ye-mandible; b: i-premolar yokuqala ye-mandible; c: i-maxillary yokuqala ye-molar; d: inja ye-maxillary.
Abahlanganyeli baqashwe ekilasini lokuqala elisebenzayo lonyaka wokuqala mayelana nokwakheka kwamazinyo eMnyangweni Wezempilo Yamazinyo, eSeong University, eGyeonggi-do. Abahlanganyeli abangaba khona baziswa ngalokhu okulandelayo: (1) Ukubamba iqhaza kungokuzithandela futhi akubandakanyi noma yimuphi umholo wezezimali noma wezemfundo; (2) Iqembu lokulawula lizosebenzisa amamodeli epulasitiki, kanti iqembu lokuhlola lizosebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lwe-AR; (3) ukuhlolwa kuzothatha amasonto amathathu futhi kuhilele amazinyo amathathu; (4) Abasebenzisi be-Android bazothola isixhumanisi sokufaka uhlelo lokusebenza, kanti abasebenzisi be-iOS bazothola idivayisi ye-Android ene-AR-TCPT efakiwe; (5) I-AR-TCTP izosebenza ngendlela efanayo kuzo zombili izinhlelo; (6) Nika iqembu lokulawula ngokungahleliwe kanye neqembu lokuhlola; (7) Ukuqoshwa kwamazinyo kuzokwenziwa emalabhorethri ahlukene; (8) Ngemuva kokuhlolwa, kuzoqhutshwa izifundo ezingu-22; (9) Iqembu lokulawula lingasebenzisa i-AR-TCPT ngemuva kokuhlolwa. Inani labahlanganyeli abangu-52 bazinikele, futhi kwatholakala ifomu lemvume eku-inthanethi kumhlanganyeli ngamunye. Ukulawula (n = 26) kanye namaqembu okuhlola (n = 26) kwabelwa ngokungahleliwe kusetshenziswa umsebenzi ongahleliwe ku-Microsoft Excel (2016, eRedmond, e-USA). Isibalo 5 sibonisa ukuqashwa kwabahlanganyeli kanye nomklamo wokuhlola eshadini lokugeleza.
Umklamo wocwaningo wokuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwabahlanganyeli ngamamodeli epulasitiki kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-augmented reality.
Kusukela ngomhlaka-27 Mashi 2023, iqembu lokuhlola kanye neqembu lokulawula basebenzise amamodeli e-AR-TCPT kanye nepulasitiki ukuqopha amazinyo amathathu, ngokulandelana, amasonto amathathu. Abahlanganyeli baqopha ama-premolars nama-molars, okuhlanganisa i-mandibular first molar, i-mandibular first premolar, kanye ne-maxillary first premolar, konke kunezici eziyinkimbinkimbi zesimo. Izinja ze-maxillary azifakiwe esithombeni. Abahlanganyeli banehora ezintathu ngesonto lokuqopha izinyo. Ngemva kokwenziwa kwezinyo, amamodeli epulasitiki kanye nezimpawu zesithombe zamaqembu okulawula nawokuhlola, ngokulandelana, akhishwa. Ngaphandle kokuqashelwa kwelebula lesithombe, izinto zamazinyo ze-3D azithuthukiswa yi-AR-TCTP. Ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamanye amathuluzi okusebenza, amaqembu okuhlola kanye nawokulawula asebenzisa ukuqopha amazinyo emakamelweni ahlukene. Impendulo ngesimo sezinyo yanikezwa emavikini amathathu ngemuva kokuphela kokuhlolwa ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lemiyalelo yothisha. Uhlu lwemibuzo lwanikezwa ngemuva kokuba ukuqopha ama-mandibular first molar kuqediwe ngesonto lesithathu lika-Ephreli. Uhlu lwemibuzo oluguquliwe oluvela kuSanders et al. Alfala et al. basebenzise imibuzo engu-23 evela ku-[26]. [27] bahlole umehluko ngesimo senhliziyo phakathi kwezinsimbi zokuzijwayeza. Kodwa-ke, kulolu cwaningo, into eyodwa yokuphathwa okuqondile ezingeni ngalinye ayifakwanga ku-Alfalah et al. [27]. Izinto ezingu-22 ezisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo ziboniswe kuThebula 1. Amaqembu okulawula nawokuhlola ayenamanani e-α kaCronbach angu-0.587 no-0.912, ngokulandelana.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kwenziwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yezibalo ye-SPSS (v25.0, IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Ukuhlolwa kokubaluleka okunezinhlangothi ezimbili kwenziwa ezingeni lokubaluleka elingu-0.05. Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher kwasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya izici ezijwayelekile njengobulili, ubudala, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqopha amazinyo ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi zici phakathi kwamaqembu okulawula nawokuhlola. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kukaShapiro-Wilk ibonise ukuthi idatha yocwaningo yayingasatshalaliswa ngokujwayelekile (p < 0.05). Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-Mann-Whitney U okungeyona ipharamitha kwasetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa amaqembu okulawula nawokuhlola.
Amathuluzi asetshenziswa abahlanganyeli ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga kokuqopha amazinyo aboniswe kuMfanekiso 6. Umfanekiso 6a ukhombisa imodeli yepulasitiki, kanti Imifanekiso 6b-d ikhombisa i-AR-TCPT esetshenziswa kudivayisi yeselula. I-AR-TCPT isebenzisa ikhamera yedivayisi ukuhlonza izimpawu zesithombe futhi ibonise into yamazinyo ethuthukisiwe ye-3D esikrinini abahlanganyeli abangayilawula futhi bayibone ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinkinobho "Elandelayo" kanye "Neyangaphambilini" zedivayisi yeselula zikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngokuningiliziwe izigaba zokuqopha kanye nezici zesimo samazinyo. Ukuze udale izinyo, abasebenzisi be-AR-TCPT baqhathanisa ngokulandelana imodeli yamazinyo ethuthukisiwe ye-3D esikrinini nebhulokhi ye-wax.
Prakthiza ukuqopha amazinyo. Lesi sithombe sibonisa ukuqhathanisa phakathi komkhuba wendabuko wokuqopha amazinyo (i-TCP) kusetshenziswa amamodeli epulasitiki kanye ne-TCP yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kusetshenziswa amathuluzi e-augmented reality. Abafundi bangabuka izinyathelo zokuqopha ze-3D ngokuchofoza izinkinobho Ezilandelayo kanye Nezangaphambilini. a: Imodeli yepulasitiki kusethi yamamodeli esinyathelo ngesinyathelo okuqopha amazinyo. b: I-TCP isebenzisa ithuluzi le-augmented reality esigabeni sokuqala se-mandibular first premolar. c: I-TCP isebenzisa ithuluzi le-augmented reality ngesikhathi sesigaba sokugcina sokwakheka kwe-mandibular first premolar. d: Inqubo yokuhlonza imiphetho nemifantu. I-IM, ilebula yesithombe; MD, idivayisi yeselula; I-NSB, inkinobho ethi “Okulandelayo”; I-PSB, inkinobho ethi “Okwangaphambilini”; I-SMD, isibambi sedivayisi yeselula; I-TC, umshini wokuqopha amazinyo; I-W, ibhlogo le-wax
Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile phakathi kwamaqembu amabili abahlanganyeli abakhethwe ngokungahleliwe ngokobulili, ubudala, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqopha amazinyo (p > 0.05). Iqembu lokulawula lalinabesifazane abangu-96.2% (n = 25) kanye nabesilisa abangu-3.8% (n = 1), kanti iqembu lokuhlola lalinabesifazane kuphela (n = 26). Iqembu lokulawula lalinabangu-61.5% (n = 16) babahlanganyeli abaneminyaka engu-20, abangu-26.9% (n = 7) babahlanganyeli abaneminyaka engu-21, kanye no-11.5% (n = 3) wabahlanganyeli abaneminyaka engu-≥ 22, bese kuba iqembu lokulawula lokuhlola lalinabangu-73.1% (n = 19) babahlanganyeli abaneminyaka engu-20, abangu-19.2% (n = 5) babahlanganyeli abaneminyaka engu-21, kanye no-7.7% (n = 2) wabahlanganyeli abaneminyaka engu-≥ 22. Ngokuphathelene nokuhlala, ama-69.2% (n=18) eqembu lokulawula ayehlala eGyeonggi-do, kanti ama-23.1% (n=6) ayehlala eSeoul. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ama-50.0% (n = 13) eqembu lokuhlola ayehlala eGyeonggi-do, kanti ama-46.2% (n = 12) ayehlala eSeoul. Ingxenye yamaqembu okulawula nawokuhlola ayehlala e-Incheon yayingu-7.7% (n = 2) kanye no-3.8% (n = 1), ngokulandelana. Eqenjini lokulawula, abahlanganyeli abangu-25 (96.2%) babengenalo ulwazi lwangaphambilini ngokusika amazinyo. Ngokufanayo, abahlanganyeli abangu-26 (100%) eqenjini lokuhlola babengenalo ulwazi lwangaphambilini ngokusika amazinyo.
Ithebula 2 liveza izibalo ezichazayo kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwezibalo zezimpendulo zeqembu ngalinye ezintweni zocwaningo ezingu-22. Kube nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu ezimpendulweni zezinto zohlu lwemibuzo ezingu-22 (p < 0.01). Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, iqembu lokuhlola lalinamaphuzu aphakathi aphezulu ezintweni zohlu lwemibuzo ezingu-21. Kuphela embuzweni 20 (Q20) wohlu lwemibuzo lapho iqembu lokulawula lathola amaphuzu aphezulu kuneqembu lokuhlola. I-histogram kuMfanekiso 7 ibonisa ngokubonakalayo umehluko kumaphuzu aphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu. Ithebula 2; Umfanekiso 7 uphinde ubonise imiphumela yokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi yephrojekthi ngayinye. Eqenjini lokulawula, into ethole amaphuzu aphezulu yayinombuzo Q21, kanti into ethole amaphuzu aphansi yayinombuzo Q6. Eqenjini lokuhlola, into ethole amaphuzu aphezulu yayinombuzo Q13, kanti into ethole amaphuzu aphansi yayinombuzo Q20. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7, umehluko omkhulu kumaphesenti phakathi kweqembu lokulawula neqembu lokuhlola ubonwa ku-Q6, kanti umehluko omncane ubonwa ku-Q22.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamaphuzu emibuzo. Igrafu yebha iqhathanisa amaphuzu aphakathi eqembu lokulawula kusetshenziswa imodeli yepulasitiki kanye neqembu lokuhlola kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-augmented reality. I-AR-TCPT, ithuluzi lomkhuba wokusika amazinyo elisekelwe ku-augmented reality.
Ubuchwepheshe be-AR buya ngokuya buthandwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokwelapha amazinyo, okuhlanganisa ubuhle bezokwelapha, ukuhlinzwa komlomo, ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela esimweni, isimo samazinyo kanye nokufakelwa, kanye nokulingisa [28, 29, 30, 31]. Isibonelo, i-Microsoft HoloLens inikeza amathuluzi athuthukisiwe e-augmented reality ukuthuthukisa imfundo yamazinyo kanye nokuhlela ukuhlinzwa [32]. Ubuchwepheshe be-Virtual reality buhlinzeka ngendawo yokulingisa yokufundisa isimo samazinyo [33]. Nakuba lezi zibonisi ezisekelwe ekhanda ezisekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe zingakatholakali kabanzi emfundweni yamazinyo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AR zeselula zingathuthukisa amakhono okusebenzisa imitholampilo futhi zisize abasebenzisi baqonde ngokushesha isimo somzimba [34, 35]. Ubuchwepheshe be-AR bungakhulisa futhi isisusa sabafundi kanye nesithakazelo ekufundeni isimo somzimba wamazinyo futhi bunikeze ulwazi lokufunda olusebenzisanayo noluhehayo [36]. Amathuluzi okufunda e-AR asiza abafundi ukuba babone ngeso lengqondo izinqubo zamazinyo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesimo somzimba ku-3D [37], okubalulekile ekuqondeni isimo somzimba wamazinyo.
Umthelela wamamodeli wamazinyo epulasitiki aphrintiwe nge-3D ekufundiseni isimo samazinyo usuvele ungcono kunezincwadi ezinezithombe nezincazelo ze-2D [38]. Kodwa-ke, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kwemfundo kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kwenze kwaba nesidingo sokwethula amadivayisi nobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene kwezempilo kanye nemfundo yezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa nemfundo yamazinyo [35]. Othisha babhekene nenselele yokufundisa imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi ensimini eguquka ngokushesha futhi eguquguqukayo [39], edinga ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi ahlukahlukene asebenzayo ngaphezu kwamamodeli endabuko e-resin yamazinyo ukusiza abafundi ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokusika amazinyo. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luveza ithuluzi elisebenzayo le-AR-TCPT elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-AR ukusiza ekusebenzeni isimo samazinyo.
Ucwaningo ngolwazi lomsebenzisi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AR lubalulekile ekuqondeni izici ezithonya ukusetshenziswa kwe-multimedia [40]. Ulwazi oluhle lomsebenzisi we-AR lunganquma isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwayo, okuhlanganisa injongo yayo, ukulula kokusetshenziswa, ukusebenza kahle, ukuboniswa kolwazi, kanye nokusebenzisana [41]. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2, ngaphandle kwe-Q20, iqembu lokuhlola elisebenzisa i-AR-TCPT lithole izilinganiso eziphezulu zolwazi lomsebenzisi uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula elisebenzisa amamodeli epulasitiki. Uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli epulasitiki, ulwazi lokusebenzisa i-AR-TCPT ekusebenzeni kokuqopha amazinyo lwalinganiswa kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kufaka phakathi ukuqonda, ukubona ngeso lengqondo, ukubuka, ukuphindaphinda, ukusebenziseka kwamathuluzi, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemibono. Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-AR-TCPT zifaka phakathi ukuqonda okusheshayo, ukuzulazula okuphumelelayo, ukonga isikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuqopha ngaphambi kokwelashwa, ukumbozwa okuphelele, ukufunda okuthuthukisiwe, ukuncipha kokuthembela kwezincwadi, kanye nohlobo lokuxhumana, olujabulisayo, nolunolwazi lwalolu lwazi. I-AR-TCPT iphinde ikhuthaze ukusebenzisana namanye amathuluzi okusebenza futhi inikeze imibono ecacile evela emibonweni eminingi.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7, i-AR-TCPT iphakamise iphuzu elengeziwe embuzweni 20: isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo esibanzi esibonisa zonke izinyathelo zokuqopha amazinyo ziyadingeka ukusiza abafundi ukwenza ukuqopha amazinyo. Ukuboniswa kwenqubo yonke yokuqopha amazinyo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okuqopha amazinyo ngaphambi kokwelapha iziguli. Iqembu lokuhlola lithole amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ku-Q13, umbuzo oyisisekelo ohlobene nokusiza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okuqopha amazinyo nokuthuthukisa amakhono abasebenzisi ngaphambi kokwelapha iziguli, okugqamisa amandla aleli thuluzi ekusebenzeni kokuqopha amazinyo. Abasebenzisi bafuna ukusebenzisa amakhono abawafundayo endaweni yezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zokulandelela ziyadingeka ukuhlola ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamakhono okuqopha amazinyo angempela. Umbuzo 6 ubuze ukuthi amamodeli epulasitiki kanye ne-AR-TCTP zingasetshenziswa yini uma kudingeka, futhi izimpendulo zalo mbuzo zibonise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amabili. Njengohlelo lokusebenza lweselula, i-AR-TCPT ibonakale ilula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa uma iqhathaniswa namamodeli epulasitiki. Kodwa-ke, kusalokhu kunzima ukufakazela ukusebenza kahle kwezemfundo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AR ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi kuphela. Izifundo ezengeziwe ziyadingeka ukuhlola umphumela we-AR-TCTP kumaphilisi amazinyo aqediwe. Kodwa-ke, kulolu cwaningo, izilinganiso eziphezulu zesipiliyoni somsebenzisi ze-AR-TCPT zibonisa amandla ayo njengethuluzi eliwusizo.
Lolu cwaningo lokuqhathanisa lubonisa ukuthi i-AR-TCPT ingaba yindlela ewusizo noma ehambisana namamodeli epulasitiki endabuko emahhovisi amazinyo, njengoba ithole izilinganiso ezinhle kakhulu ngokwesipiliyoni somsebenzisi. Kodwa-ke, ukunquma ukuphakama kwayo kuzodinga ukulinganiswa okwengeziwe ngabafundisi bethambo eliphakathi nelokugcina eliqoshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya lomehluko womuntu ngamunye emakhonweni okuqonda kwendawo enkambisweni yokudweba kanye nezinyo lokugcina nalo lidinga ukuhlaziywa. Amakhono amazinyo ayahlukahluka kumuntu nomuntu, okungathinta inqubo yokudweba kanye nezinyo lokugcina. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukufakazela ukusebenza kahle kwe-AR-TCPT njengethuluzi lomkhuba wokudweba amazinyo nokuqonda indima yokuguqula nokuxazulula inkinga yokusetshenziswa kwe-AR enkambisweni yokudweba. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lugxile ekuhloleni ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhlolwa kwamathuluzi okwakheka kwamazinyo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-HoloLens AR.
Ngamafuphi, lolu cwaningo lubonisa amandla e-AR-TCPT njengethuluzi lokuzijwayeza ukuqopha amazinyo njengoba linikeza abafundi ulwazi lokufunda olusha nolusebenzisanayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lemodeli yepulasitiki yendabuko, iqembu le-AR-TCPT libonise amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi, okuhlanganisa izinzuzo ezifana nokuqonda okusheshayo, ukufunda okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuncipha kokuthembela ezincwadini zokufunda. Ngobuchwepheshe bayo obujwayelekile kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa, i-AR-TCPT inikeza enye indlela ethembisayo esikhundleni samathuluzi epulasitiki yendabuko futhi ingasiza abaqalayo ekuqopheni nge-3D. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwayo kwezemfundo, okuhlanganisa umthelela wayo emakhonweni abantu okuqopha kanye nokulinganisa amazinyo aqoshwe.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-25-2023