Kusukela ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, izwe seliqalile ukunaka kakhulu umsebenzi wokufundisa ngezokwelapha wezibhedlela zaseyunivesithi. Ukuqinisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezokwelapha kanye nemfundo kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokufundisa ngezokwelapha kuyinselele enkulu ebhekene nemfundo yezokwelapha. Ubunzima bokufundisa nge-orthopedics busezinhlobonhlobo zezifo, ubungcweti obuphezulu kanye nezici ezingacacile, ezithinta isinyathelo, intshiseko kanye nokusebenza kahle kokufundisa kwabafundi bezokwelapha. Lolu cwaningo lwakha uhlelo lokufundisa lwekilasi oluguquliwe olusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO (Concept-Design-Implement-Operate) futhi lwalusebenzisa esifundweni sokuqeqesha abafundi be-orthopedical nursing ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokufunda osebenzayo futhi kusize othisha baqaphele ukuguqula ikusasa lemfundo yobuhlengikazi ngisho nemfundo yezokwelapha. Ukufunda ekilasini kuzoba ngcono futhi kugxile kakhulu.
Abafundi bezokwelapha abangamashumi amahlanu abaphothule i-internship emnyangweni wamathambo esibhedlela semfundo ephakeme ngoJuni 2017 bafakiwe eqenjini lokulawula, kanti abafundi bobuhlengikazi abangu-50 abaphothule i-internship emnyangweni ngoJuni 2018 bafakiwe eqenjini lokungenelela. Iqembu lokungenelela lamukela umqondo we-CDIO wemodeli yokufundisa ekilasini eguquliwe, kuyilapho iqembu lokulawula lamukela imodeli yokufundisa yendabuko. Ngemva kokuqeda imisebenzi esebenzayo yomnyango, amaqembu amabili abafundi ahlolwa ngethiyori, amakhono okusebenza, ikhono lokufunda elizimele kanye nekhono lokucabanga ngokujulile. Amaqembu amabili othisha aqede izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zokuhlola amakhono okwenza umtholampilo, okuhlanganisa izinqubo ezine zobuhlengikazi, amakhono okuhlengikaza abantu, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokufundisa komtholampilo.
Ngemva kokuqeqeshwa, ikhono lokuzijwayeza emtholampilo, ikhono lokucabanga ngokujulile, ikhono lokufunda ngokuzimela, ukusebenza kwethiyori nokusebenza, kanye namaphuzu ekhwalithi yokufundisa emtholampilo eqembu lokungenelela ayephezulu kakhulu kunalawo eqembu lokulawula (wonke ama-P < 0.05).
Imodeli yokufundisa esekelwe ku-CDIO ingakhuthaza ukufunda okuzimele kwabafundi abaqeqeshwayo kanye nekhono lokucabanga ngokujulile labafundi abaqeqeshwayo, ikhuthaze inhlanganisela yemvelo yethiyori kanye nokwenza, ithuthukise ikhono labo lokusebenzisa ulwazi oluphelele lwethiyori ukuhlaziya nokuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzayo, futhi ithuthukise umphumela wokufunda.
Imfundo yezokwelapha iyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu semfundo yobuhlengikazi futhi ihilela ukuguquka kusuka olwazini lwethiyori kuya ekusebenzeni. Ukufunda kwezokwelapha okuphumelelayo kungasiza abafundi bobuhlengikazi ukuba bafunde amakhono ochwepheshe, baqinise ulwazi lobuchwepheshe, futhi bathuthukise ikhono labo lokwenza ubuhlengikazi. Futhi kuyisigaba sokugcina sokushintsha indima yomsebenzi kubafundi bezokwelapha [1]. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi abaningi bokufundisa kwezokwelapha benze ucwaningo ngezindlela zokufundisa ezifana nokufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni (PBL), ukufunda okusekelwe ezimweni (CBL), ukufunda okusekelwe eqenjini (TBL), kanye nokufunda okusekelwe ezimweni kanye nokufunda kokulingisa isimo ekufundiseni kwezokwelapha. . Kodwa-ke, izindlela ezahlukene zokufundisa zinezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwazo maqondana nomphumela wokufunda wokuxhumana okusebenzayo, kodwa azifinyeleli ukuhlanganiswa kwethiyori kanye nokusebenza [2].
"Iklasi eligoqekile" libhekisela kumodeli entsha yokufunda lapho abafundi basebenzisa khona ipulatifomu yolwazi oluthile ukuze batadishe ngokuzimela izinto ezahlukene zemfundo ngaphambi kwekilasi futhi baqedele umsebenzi wesikole ngendlela "yokufunda ngokubambisana" ekilasini ngenkathi othisha beqondisa abafundi. Phendula imibuzo futhi unikeze usizo lomuntu siqu[3]. I-American New Media Alliance iphawule ukuthi ikilasi eligoqekile lilungisa isikhathi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekilasi futhi lidlulisela izinqumo zokufunda zabafundi kusuka kothisha kuya kubafundi [4]. Isikhathi esibalulekile esichithwa ekilasini kulo modeli wokufunda sivumela abafundi ukuthi bagxile kakhulu ekufundeni okusebenzayo, okusekelwe ezinkingeni. UDeshpande [5] wenze ucwaningo ekilasini eligoqekile emfundweni nasekufundiseni kwezimo eziphuthumayo futhi waphetha ngokuthi ikilasi eligoqekile lingathuthukisa intshiseko yokufunda kwabafundi kanye nokusebenza kwezemfundo futhi linciphise isikhathi sekilasi. UKhe Fung HEW noChung Kwan LO [6] bahlole imiphumela yocwaningo lwezihloko zokuqhathanisa ekilasini eligoqekile futhi bafingqa umphumela ophelele wendlela yokufundisa ekilasini eligoqekile ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta, okubonisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufundisa zendabuko, indlela yokufundisa ekilasini eligoqekile emfundweni yezempilo yobungcweti ingcono kakhulu futhi ithuthukisa ukufunda kwabafundi. UZhong Jie [7] uqhathanise imiphumela yokufunda okuxubile kwekilasi okubonakalayo kanye nokufunda okuxubile kwekilasi okubonakalayo kwe-flipped ekutholeni ulwazi lwabafundi, futhi wathola ukuthi enkambisweni yokufunda okuxubile ekilasini le-histology eli-flipped, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokufundisa online kungathuthukisa ukwaneliseka nolwazi lwabafundi. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo engenhla, emkhakheni wemfundo yobuhlengikazi, iningi lezazi lifunda umphumela wekilasi elixubile ekusebenzeni kahle kokufundisa ekilasini futhi likholelwa ukuthi ukufundisa ekilasini okuxubile kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwabafundi bobuhlengikazi ezifundweni, ikhono lokufunda elizimele, kanye nokwaneliseka ekilasini.
Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlola nokuthuthukisa indlela entsha yokufundisa ezosiza abafundi abahlengikazi ukuthi bamukele futhi basebenzise ulwazi oluhlelekile lochwepheshe futhi bathuthukise ikhono labo lokusebenza kwezokwelapha kanye nekhwalithi ephelele. I-CDIO (Concept-Design-Implement-Operate) iyimodeli yemfundo yobunjiniyela eyasungulwa ngo-2000 ngamanyuvesi amane, okuhlanganisa iMassachusetts Institute of Technology kanye neRoyal Institute of Technology eSweden. Iyimodeli ethuthukisiwe yemfundo yobunjiniyela evumela abafundi abahlengikazi ukuthi bafunde futhi bathole amakhono ngendlela esebenzayo, esebenza ngezandla, nengokwemvelo [8, 9]. Ngokuphathelene nokufunda okuyisisekelo, le modeli igcizelela "ukugxilisa abafundi," okuvumela abafundi ukuthi bahlanganyele ekuqanjweni, ekwakhiweni, ekusetshenzisweni, nasekusebenzeni kwamaphrojekthi, kanye nokuguqula ulwazi olutholwe ngethiyori lube amathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga. Izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi imodeli yokufundisa ye-CDIO inegalelo ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okusebenza kwezokwelapha kanye nekhwalithi ephelele yabafundi bezokwelapha, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana kothisha nabafundi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokufundisa, futhi idlala indima ekukhuthazeni ukuguqulwa kolwazi kanye nokwenza ngcono izindlela zokufundisa. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqeqeshweni kwamakhono asetshenziswayo [10].
Ngokuguqulwa kwemodeli yezokwelapha yomhlaba wonke, izidingo zabantu zempilo ziyanda, okuholele ekwandeni komthwalo wemfanelo wabasebenzi bezokwelapha. Ikhono kanye nekhwalithi yabahlengikazi kuhlobene ngqo nekhwalithi yokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nokuphepha kweziguli. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa kwamakhono ezokwelapha abasebenzi babahlengikazi kube yisihloko esishisayo emkhakheni wabahlengikazi [11]. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuhlola enenjongo, ephelele, ethembekile, futhi esebenzayo ibalulekile ocwaningweni lwemfundo yezokwelapha. Ukuzivocavoca kokuhlola okuncane (i-mini-CEX) kuyindlela yokuhlola amakhono ezokwelapha aphelele abafundi bezokwelapha futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wemfundo yezokwelapha ehlukahlukene ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Yavela kancane kancane emkhakheni wabahlengikazi [12, 13].
Kuye kwenziwa izifundo eziningi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemodeli ye-CDIO, ikilasi eliguquliwe, kanye ne-mini-CEX emfundweni yobuhlengikazi. UWang Bei [14] uxoxe ngomthelela wemodeli ye-CDIO ekuthuthukiseni ukuqeqeshwa okuqondene nabahlengikazi ngezidingo zabahlengikazi be-COVID-19. Imiphumela isikisela ukuthi ukusebenzisa imodeli yokuqeqesha ye-CDIO ukuhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwabahlengikazi nge-COVID-19 kuzosiza abasebenzi babahlengikazi ukuthola kangcono amakhono okuqeqesha abahlengikazi akhethekile kanye nolwazi oluhlobene, futhi kuthuthukise ngokuphelele amakhono abo abahlengikazi abaphelele. Izazi ezifana noLiu Mei [15] zixoxe ngokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokufundisa yeqembu ehlanganiswe nekilasi eliguquliwe ekuqeqesheni abahlengikazi bamathambo. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi le modeli yokufundisa ingathuthukisa ngempumelelo amakhono ayisisekelo abahlengikazi bamathambo njengokuqonda. kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi lwethiyori, ukusebenza ngokubambisana, ukucabanga okubucayi, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. ULi Ruyue et al. [16] bafunde umphumela wokusebenzisa i-Nursing Mini-CEX ethuthukisiwe ekuqeqeshweni okujwayelekile kwabahlengikazi abasha abahlinzayo futhi bathola ukuthi othisha bangasebenzisa i-Nursing Mini-CEX ukuhlola yonke inqubo yokuhlola kanye nokusebenza ekufundiseni kwezokwelapha noma emsebenzini. izixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka kuye. abahlengikazi futhi banikeze impendulo yesikhathi sangempela. Ngenqubo yokuziqapha nokuzicabangela, amaphuzu ayisisekelo okuhlolwa kokusebenza kobuhlengikazi ayafundwa, ikharikhulamu iyalungiswa, ikhwalithi yokufundisa ngezokwelapha iyathuthukiswa, ikhono eliphelele lobuhlengikazi bokuhlinzwa kwabafundi liyathuthukiswa, futhi inhlanganisela yekilasi eliguquliwe ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO iyahlolwa, kodwa okwamanje akukho mbiko wocwaningo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemodeli yokuhlola ye-mini-CEX emfundweni yobuhlengikazi yabafundi bamathambo. Umbhali usebenzise imodeli ye-CDIO ekuthuthukiseni izifundo zokuqeqesha zabafundi bamathambo, wakha ikilasi eliguquliwe ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, futhi wahlanganisa nemodeli yokuhlola ye-mini-CEX ukuze asebenzise ulwazi namakhono okufunda amathathu komunye nomunye, futhi wanikela nasekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yokufundisa. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kunikeza isisekelo sokufunda okusekelwe ekuzijwayezeni ezibhedlela zokufundisa.
Ukuze kube lula ukuqaliswa kwale khosi, kwasetshenziswa indlela yokwenza amasampula okulula njengezifundo zokufunda ukukhetha abafundi bobuhlengikazi kusukela ngo-2017 nango-2018 ababesebenza emnyangweni wamathambo wesibhedlela semfundo ephakeme. Njengoba kunabafundi abangu-52 ezingeni ngalinye, usayizi wesampula uzoba ngu-104. Abafundi abane abazange bahlanganyele emisebenzini yokwelapha ephelele. Iqembu lokulawula lalihlanganisa abafundi bobuhlengikazi abangu-50 abaqede i-internship emnyangweni wamathambo wesibhedlela semfundo ephakeme ngoJuni 2017, okwabesilisa abangu-6 nabesifazane abangu-44 abaneminyaka engu-20 kuya ku-22 (21.30 ± 0.60), abaqede i-internship kulowo mnyango ofanayo ngoJuni 2018. Iqembu lokungenelela lalihlanganisa abafundi bezokwelapha abangu-50, okuhlanganisa amadoda angu-8 nabesifazane abangu-42 abaneminyaka engu-21 kuya ku-22 (21.45 ± 0.37). Zonke izifundo zinikeze imvume enolwazi. Imigomo Yokufaka: (1) Abafundi be-internship yezokwelapha yamathambo abaneziqu ze-bachelor. (2) Imvume enolwazi kanye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzithandela kulolu cwaningo. Izindlela zokukhishwa: Abantu abangakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emisebenzini yezokwelapha. Akukho mehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo olwazini olujwayelekile lwamaqembu amabili abafundi bezokwelapha abaqeqeshwayo (p>0.05) futhi bayafana.
Womabili amaqembu aqedele ukuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha kwamasonto amane, kanti zonke izifundo ziqediwe eMnyangweni Wezokwelapha Ngezitho Zamathambo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kwakunamaqembu ayi-10 abafundi bezokwelapha, abafundi aba-5 eqenjini ngalinye. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nohlelo lokufunda kwabafundi bobuhlengikazi, okuhlanganisa nezingxenye zethiyori kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Othisha kuwo womabili amaqembu baneziqu ezifanayo, futhi uthisha womhlengikazi unesibopho sokuqapha ikhwalithi yokufundisa.
Iqembu lokulawula lisebenzise izindlela zokufundisa zendabuko. Ngesonto lokuqala lesikole, amakilasi aqala ngoMsombuluko. Othisha bafundisa ithiyori ngoLwesibili nangoLwesithathu, futhi bagxila ekuqeqeshweni kokusebenza ngoLwesine nangoLwesihlanu. Kusukela ngesonto lesibili kuya kwelesine, ilungu ngalinye lothisha linesibopho somfundi wezokwelapha onikeza izinkulumo ngezikhathi ezithile emnyangweni. Ngesonto lesine, ukuhlolwa kuzoqedwa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuphela kwesifundo.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umbhali usebenzisa indlela yokufundisa ekilasini eguquliwe ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, njengoba kuchaziwe ngezansi.
Isonto lokuqala lokuqeqeshwa lifana neqembu lokulawula; Isonto lesibili kuya kwelesine lokuqeqeshwa kwamathambo ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kusebenzisa uhlelo lokufundisa lwekilasi oluguquliwe olusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO amahora angama-36. Ingxenye yokucabanga nokuklama iqedwa ngesonto lesibili kanti ingxenye yokuqalisa iqedwa ngesonto lesithathu. Ukuhlinzwa kwaqedwa ngesonto lesine, kanti ukuhlolwa nokuhlola kwaqedwa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Bheka Ithebula 1 ukuze uthole ukwabiwa kwesikhathi esithile sekilasi.
Kwasungulwa ithimba lokufundisa eliqukethe umhlengikazi oyedwa ophakeme, othisha bamathambo abayisishiyagalombili kanye nochwepheshe oyedwa wobuhlengikazi be-CDIO ongeyena owamathambo. Umhlengikazi Omkhulu unikeza amalungu eqembu lokufundisa isifundo kanye nobuchwepheshe bekharikhulamu nezindinganiso ze-CDIO, incwadi yesifundo se-CDIO kanye neminye imibono ehlobene nezindlela ezithile zokusebenzisa (okungenani amahora angama-20), futhi ubonisana nochwepheshe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngezinkinga zokufundisa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uthisha ubeka imigomo yokufunda, uphatha ikharikhulamu, futhi ulungiselela izifundo ngendlela ehambisanayo ehambisana nezidingo zobuhlengikazi abadala kanye nohlelo lokuhlala.
Ngokusho kohlelo lokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi, ngokubhekisele ohlelweni lokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono e-CDIO kanye nezindinganiso [17] kanye nezici zokufundisa zomhlengikazi wamathambo, izinhloso zokufunda zabafundi abaqeqeshwayo abahlengikazi zibekwe ngezindlela ezintathu, okungukuthi: izinhloso zolwazi (ukuqonda ulwazi oluyisisekelo), ulwazi lochwepheshe kanye nezinqubo zesistimu ezihlobene, njll.), imigomo yamakhono (ukuthuthukisa amakhono ayisisekelo ochwepheshe, amakhono okucabanga okubucayi kanye namakhono okufunda azimele, njll.) kanye nemigomo yekhwalithi (ukwakha izindinganiso zobungcweti ezizwakalayo kanye nomoya wokunakekela abantu njll.). .). Imigomo yolwazi ihambisana nolwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nokucabanga kwekharikhulamu ye-CDIO, amakhono omuntu siqu, amakhono ochwepheshe kanye nobudlelwano bekharikhulamu ye-CDIO, kanye nemigomo yekhwalithi ihambisana namakhono athambile ekharikhulamu ye-CDIO: ukusebenza ngokubambisana nokuxhumana.
Ngemva kwemizuliswano emibili yemihlangano, ithimba lokufundisa lixoxe ngohlelo lokufundisa umkhuba wobuhlengikazi ekilasini eliguquliwe elisekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, lahlukanisa ukuqeqeshwa ngezigaba ezine, futhi lanquma imigomo kanye nomklamo, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1.
Ngemva kokuhlaziya umsebenzi wobuhlengikazi ngezifo zamathambo, uthisha ukhombe amacala ezifo zamathambo ezivamile nezivamile. Ake sithathe uhlelo lokwelapha iziguli ezine-lumbar disc herniation njengesibonelo: Isiguli uZhang Moumou (owesilisa, oneminyaka engu-73 ubudala, ubude obungu-177 cm, isisindo esingu-80 kg) sikhononde “ngobuhlungu obuphansi emuva obuhambisana nokungazweli nobuhlungu esithweni esingezansi kwesobunxele izinyanga ezimbili” futhi walaliswa esibhedlela emtholampilo weziguli ezingalaliswa esibhedlela. Njengesiguli Umhlengikazi ophethe: (1) Sicela ubuze umlando wesiguli ngokuhlelekile ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholile bese unquma ukuthi kwenzekani esigulini; (2) Khetha ucwaningo oluhlelekile kanye nezindlela zokuhlola zobungcweti ngokusekelwe esimweni bese uphakamisa imibuzo yocwaningo edinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe; (3) Yenza ukuxilongwa kobuhlengikazi. Kulesi simo, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa isizindalwazi sokusesha icala; qopha ukungenelela kobuhlengikazi okuqondiswe kusiguli; (4) Xoxani ngezinkinga ezikhona ekuziphatheni kwesiguli, kanye nezindlela zamanje kanye nokuqukethwe kokulandelwa kwesiguli lapho sikhishwa esibhedlela. Thumela izindaba zabafundi kanye nohlu lwemisebenzi ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kwekilasi. Uhlu lwemisebenzi yaleli cala lumi kanje: (1) Buyekeza futhi uqinise ulwazi lwethiyori mayelana nezimbangela kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezokwelapha kwe-lumbar intervertebral disc herniation; (2) Thuthukisa uhlelo lokunakekelwa oluqondiwe; (3) Thuthukisa leli cala ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wezokwelapha futhi usebenzise ukunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokuhlinzwa kanye nokunakekelwa kwangemva kokuhlinzwa yizimo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokulingisa iphrojekthi yokufundisa. Abafundi bobuhlengikazi babuyekeza ngokuzimela okuqukethwe kwezifundo ngemibuzo yokuzijwayeza, babheke izincwadi ezifanele kanye nezizindalwazi, futhi baqedele imisebenzi yokuzifundela ngokungena ngemvume eqenjini le-WeChat.
Abafundi bakha amaqembu ngokukhululeka, bese iqembu likhetha umholi weqembu obhekene nokuhlukanisa abasebenzi nokuxhumanisa iphrojekthi. Umholi wangaphambi kweqembu unesibopho sokusabalalisa okuqukethwe okune: isingeniso secala, ukuqaliswa kwenqubo yobuhlengikazi, imfundo yezempilo, kanye nolwazi oluhlobene nezifo kulungu ngalinye leqembu. Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, abafundi basebenzisa isikhathi sabo samahhala ukucwaninga isizinda semfundiso noma izinto zokwakha ukuxazulula izinkinga zecala, ukuqhuba izingxoxo zeqembu, nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezithile zephrojekthi. Ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi, uthisha usiza umholi weqembu ekwabeleni amalungu eqembu ukuhlela ulwazi olufanele, ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza amaphrojekthi, ukukhombisa nokuguqula imiklamo, nokusiza abafundi bobuhlengikazi ekuhlanganiseni ulwazi oluhlobene nomsebenzi ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni. Thola ulwazi lwemodyuli ngayinye. Izinselele namaphuzu abalulekile aleli qembu locwaningo ahlaziywe futhi athuthukiswa, futhi uhlelo lokusebenzisa imodeli yesimo saleli qembu locwaningo lwaqaliswa. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, othisha bahlele nemiboniso yemijikelezo yobuhlengikazi.
Abafundi basebenza ngamaqembu amancane ukuze bethule amaphrojekthi. Ngemva kombiko, amanye amalungu eqembu kanye namalungu e-faculty baxoxe futhi baphawula ngeqembu elibikayo ukuze bathuthukise uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwabahlengikazi. Umholi weqembu ukhuthaza amalungu eqembu ukuba alingise yonke inqubo yokunakekelwa, kanti uthisha usiza abafundi ukuthi bahlole izinguquko ezishintshashintshayo zesifo ngokusebenzisa umkhuba wokulingisa, bajulise ukuqonda kwabo kanye nokwakhiwa kolwazi lwethiyori, futhi bathuthukise amakhono okucabanga abucayi. Konke okuqukethwe okumele kuqedwe ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezikhethekile kuqedwa ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kothisha. Othisha baphawula futhi baqondise abafundi abahlengikazi ukuba benze umkhuba oseceleni kombhede ukuze bafeze inhlanganisela yolwazi kanye nomkhuba wezokwelapha.
Ngemva kokuhlola iqembu ngalinye, umfundisi waphawula futhi waphawula amandla nobuthakathaka belungu ngalinye leqembu ekuhleleni okuqukethwe kanye nenqubo yamakhono ukuze athuthukise njalo ukuqonda kwabafundi bobuhlengikazi ngokuqukethwe okufundwayo. Othisha bahlaziya ikhwalithi yokufundisa futhi bathuthukise izifundo ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwabafundi bobuhlengikazi kanye nokuhlolwa kokufundisa.
Abafundi bobuhlengikazi babhala izivivinyo zethiyori kanye nezokusebenza ngemva kokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo. Imibuzo yethiyori yokungenelela ibuzwa uthisha. Amaphepha okungenelela ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili (A kanye no-B), kanti iqembu elilodwa likhethwa ngokungahleliwe lokungenelela. Imibuzo yokungenelela ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: ulwazi lobuchwepheshe lwethiyori kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamacala, ngalinye libiza amaphuzu angu-50 ukuthola amaphuzu aphelele angu-100. Abafundi, lapho behlola amakhono obuhlengikazi, bazokhetha ngokungahleliwe okukodwa kwalokhu okulandelayo, okuhlanganisa indlela yokuguqula i-axial, indlela enhle yokubeka izitho zesiguli esinokulimala komgogodla, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokwelapha nge-pneumatic, indlela yokusebenzisa umshini wokuvuselela amalunga we-CPM, njll. Amaphuzu aphelele angamaphuzu ayi-100.
Esontweni lesine, iSikali Sokuhlola Ukufunda Okuzimele sizohlolwa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuphela kwesifundo. Isikali sokuhlola esizimele sekhono lokufunda esakhiwe nguZhang Xiyan [18] sasetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa nesisusa sokufunda (izinto eziyi-8), ukuzithiba (izinto eziyi-11), ikhono lokubambisana ekufundeni (izinto ezi-5), kanye nolwazi lokufunda (izinto eziyi-6). Into ngayinye ikalwe esikalini se-Likert samaphuzu ama-5 kusukela ku-"hhayi nhlobo" kuya ku-"hhayi ngokuphelele," ngamaphuzu asukela ku-1 kuya ku-5. Isibalo sonke singama-150. Uma amaphuzu ephakeme, ikhono lokufunda ngokuzimela liqina. I-alpha coefficient yesilinganiso sikaCronbach ingu-0.822.
Ngesonto lesine, isikali sokulinganisa ikhono lokucabanga okubucayi sahlolwa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Inguqulo yesiShayina yeSikali Sokuhlola Amandla Okucabanga Okubucayi esihunyushwe yiMercy Corps [19] yasetshenziswa. Inezilinganiso eziyisikhombisa: ukutholakala kweqiniso, ukucabanga okuvulekile, ikhono lokuhlaziya kanye nekhono lokuhlela, ngezinto eziyi-10 kusilinganiso ngasinye. Isikali samaphuzu ayi-6 sisetshenziswa kusukela "engivumelani nhlobo" kuya "engivumelana kakhulu" kusukela ku-1 kuya ku-6, ngokulandelana. Izitatimende ezingezinhle zinikezwa amaphuzu aphambene, kanye namaphuzu aphelele asukela ku-70 kuya ku-420. Amaphuzu aphelele angu-≤210 abonisa ukusebenza okungekuhle, u-211–279 abonisa ukusebenza okungathathi hlangothi, u-280–349 abonisa ukusebenza okuhle, kanti u-≥350 abonisa ikhono lokucabanga okuqinile okubucayi. I-alpha coefficient kaCronbach yesikali ingu-0.90.
Ngesonto lesine, ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka kwemitholampilo kuzokwenzeka ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Isikali se-mini-CEX esisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo siguqulwe kusukela ku-Medical Classic [20] ngokusekelwe ku-mini-CEX, futhi ukwehluleka kwatholakala kusukela kumaphuzu angu-1 kuya kwangu-3. Kuhlangabezana nezidingo, amaphuzu angu-4-6 ukuhlangabezana nezidingo, amaphuzu angu-7-9 unomphela. Abafundi bezokwelapha baqeda ukuqeqeshwa kwabo ngemuva kokuphothula i-internship ekhethekile. I-alpha coefficient ye-Cronbach yalesi sikali ingu-0.780 kanti i-split-half reliability coefficient ingu-0.842, okubonisa ukuthembeka okuhle.
Ngesonto lesine, usuku olungaphambi kokushiya umnyango, kwaba nomhlangano wothisha nabafundi kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokufundisa. Ifomu lokuhlola ikhwalithi yokufundisa lathuthukiswa nguZhou Tong [21] futhi lihlanganisa izici ezinhlanu: isimo sengqondo sokufundisa, okuqukethwe kokufundisa, kanye nokufundisa. Izindlela, imiphumela yokuqeqeshwa kanye nezici zokuqeqeshwa. Kusetshenziswe isikali se-Likert samaphuzu ama-5. Uma amaphuzu ephakeme, kulapho ikhwalithi yokufundisa iba ngcono khona. Kuqediwe ngemuva kokuphothula i-internship ekhethekile. Uhlu lwemibuzo lunokwethenjelwa okuhle, kanti i-alpha kaCronbach yesikali ingu-0.85.
Idatha ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yezibalo ye-SPSS 21.0. Idatha yokulinganisa ivezwa njengokuphambuka okujwayelekile ± (\(\strike X \pm S\)) kanti iqembu lokungenelela t lisetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamaqembu. Idatha yokubala ivezwe njengenani lamacala (%) futhi iqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa ukungenelela kwe-chi-square noma ukungenelela okuqondile kukaFisher. Inani le-p <0.05 libonisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamaphuzu okungenelela kwethiyori kanye nokusebenza kwamaqembu amabili abahlengikazi abaqeqeshwayo kuboniswe kuThebula 2.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamakhono okufunda okuzimele kanye nokucabanga okujulile kwamaqembu amabili abahlengikazi abaqeqeshwayo kuboniswe kuThebula 3.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuhlolwa kwamakhono okwenza umsebenzi wokwelapha phakathi kwamaqembu amabili abahlengikazi abaqeqeshwayo. Amandla okwenza umsebenzi wobuhlengikazi wezokwelapha abafundi eqenjini lokungenelela ayengcono kakhulu kunalawo eqenjini lokulawula, futhi umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (p < 0.05) njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4.
Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhwalithi yokufundisa yamaqembu amabili ibonise ukuthi inani eliphelele lekhwalithi yokufundisa yeqembu lokulawula lalingu-90.08 ± 2.34 amaphuzu, kanti inani eliphelele lekhwalithi yokufundisa yeqembu lokungenelela lalingu-96.34 ± 2.16 amaphuzu. Umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo. (t = – 13.900, p < 0.001).
Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nentuthuko yezokwelapha kudinga ukuqoqwa okwanele kwethalente lezokwelapha. Nakuba kunezindlela eziningi zokuqeqesha zokulingisa kanye nokulingisa, azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yokusebenza kwezokwelapha, okuhlobene ngqo nekhono lethalente lezokwelapha lesikhathi esizayo lokwelapha izifo nokusindisa izimpilo. Kusukela ebhubhaneni le-COVID-19, izwe liye lanaka kakhulu umsebenzi wokufundisa wezokwelapha wezibhedlela zaseyunivesithi [22]. Ukuqinisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezokwelapha kanye nemfundo kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokufundisa kwezokwelapha kuyinselele enkulu ebhekene nemfundo yezokwelapha. Ubunzima bokufundisa amathambo busezinhlobonhlobo zezifo, ubungcweti obuphezulu kanye nezici ezingacacile, ezithinta isinyathelo, intshiseko kanye nekhono lokufunda labafundi bezokwelapha [23].
Indlela yokufundisa ekilasini eguquliwe ngaphakathi komqondo wokufundisa we-CDIO ihlanganisa okuqukethwe kokufunda nenqubo yokufundisa, ukufunda kanye nokuzijwayeza. Lokhu kushintsha isakhiwo samakilasi futhi kubeka abafundi bobuhlengikazi emgogodleni wokufundisa. Ngesikhathi senqubo yemfundo, othisha basiza abafundi bobuhlengikazi ukuthi bathole ulwazi olufanele ngezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuhlengikazi ezimweni ezivamile [24]. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-CDIO ifaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi yokufundisa yezokwelapha. Le phrojekthi inikeza isiqondiso esinemininingwane, ihlanganisa eduze ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono omsebenzi asebenzayo, futhi ikhomba izinkinga ngesikhathi sokulingisa, okuwusizo kubafundi bobuhlengikazi ekuthuthukiseni amakhono abo okufunda okuzimele kanye nokucabanga okubucayi, kanye nesiqondiso ngesikhathi sokufunda okuzimele. -study. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ngemuva kwamasonto ama-4 okuqeqeshwa, amaphuzu abafundi bobuhlengikazi abazimele kanye namakhono okucabanga okubucayi eqenjini lokungenelela ayephezulu kakhulu kunalabo abaseqenjini lokulawula (bobabili p < 0.001). Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo lukaFan Xiaoying ngomphumela we-CDIO ehlanganiswe nendlela yokufundisa ye-CBL emfundweni yobuhlengikazi [25]. Le ndlela yokuqeqesha ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukucabanga okubucayi kwabafundi kanye namakhono okufunda okuzimele. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokucabanga, uthisha uqala ngokwabelana ngamaphuzu anzima nabafundi bobuhlengikazi ekilasini. Abafundi bobuhlengikazi babe sebefunda ngokuzimela ulwazi olufanele ngamavidiyo amancane futhi bafuna ngenkuthalo izinto ezifanele ukuze bathuthukise ukuqonda kwabo umsebenzi wobuhlengikazi bamathambo. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuklama, abafundi bobuhlengikazi basebenzise amakhono okusebenza ngokubambisana kanye nokucabanga okujulile ngezingxoxo zeqembu, beqondiswa abafundisi kanye nokusebenzisa izifundo zamacala. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqalisa, othisha babheka ukunakekelwa kwezifo zangempela ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa njengethuba futhi basebenzise izindlela zokufundisa zokulingisa icala ukufundisa abafundi bobuhlengikazi ukwenza izivivinyo zamacala ngokubambisana kweqembu ukuze bazijwayeze futhi bathole izinkinga emsebenzini wobuhlengikazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokufundisa amacala angempela, abafundi bobuhlengikazi bangafunda amaphuzu abalulekile okunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokuhlinzwa kanye nangemuva kokuhlinzwa ukuze baqonde ngokucacile ukuthi zonke izici zokunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokuhlinzwa ziyizici ezibalulekile ekululameni kwesiguli ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Ezingeni lokusebenza, othisha basiza abafundi bezokwelapha ukuba baqonde imibono namakhono ekusebenzeni. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bafunda ukubona izinguquko ezimweni zangempela, ukucabanga ngezinkinga ezingaba khona, hhayi ukubamba ngekhanda izinqubo ezahlukene zobuhlengikazi ukusiza abafundi bezokwelapha. Inqubo yokwakha kanye nokuqaliswa ihlanganisa okuqukethwe kokuqeqeshwa ngokwemvelo. Kule nqubo yokufunda ngokubambisana, esebenzisanayo neyokuhlangenwe nakho, ikhono lokufunda labafundi abahlengikazi eliqondiswe bona kanye nomdlandla wokufunda kuqhutshwa kahle futhi amakhono abo okucabanga ngokujulile ayathuthukiswa. Abacwaningi basebenzise uhlaka lokuklama ubunjiniyela ezifundweni zokuhlela zewebhu ezinikezwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwabafundi kwezemfundo kanye namakhono okucabanga ngokubala (CT), futhi imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwabafundi kwezemfundo kanye namakhono okucabanga ngokubala athuthukiswa kakhulu [26].
Lolu cwaningo lusiza abafundi abahlengikazi ukuthi bahlanganyele kuyo yonke inqubo ngokwenqubo yokubuza imibuzo-yokuklama-ukuqaliswa-kokusebenza-nokuhlaziya. Izimo zezokwelapha sezithuthukisiwe. Ukugxila-ke kubambiswano lweqembu kanye nokucabanga okuzimele, okunezelwa uthisha ophendula imibuzo, abafundi abaphakamisa izixazululo zezinkinga, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, izivivinyo zesimo, futhi ekugcineni izivivinyo eziseceleni kombhede. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisile ukuthi amaphuzu abafundi bezokwelapha eqenjini lokungenelela ekuhlolweni kolwazi lwethiyori namakhono okusebenza ayengcono kunawabafundi eqenjini lokulawula, futhi umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (p < 0.001). Lokhu kuhambisana neqiniso lokuthi abafundi bezokwelapha eqenjini lokungenelela babe nemiphumela engcono ekuhlolweni kolwazi lwethiyori namakhono okusebenza. Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (p<0.001). Kuhlanganiswe nemiphumela yocwaningo efanele [27, 28]. Isizathu sokuhlaziya ukuthi imodeli ye-CDIO kuqala ikhetha amaphuzu olwazi lwezifo anezinga eliphezulu lokwenzeka, kanti okwesibili, ubunzima bezilungiselelo zephrojekthi buhambisana nesisekelo. Kulo modeli, ngemva kokuba abafundi beqedile okuqukethwe okusebenzayo, baqedela incwadi yomsebenzi wephrojekthi njengoba kudingeka, babuyekeze okuqukethwe okufanele, bese bexoxa ngemisebenzi namalungu eqembu ukuze bafunde futhi bafake okuqukethwe kokufunda ngaphakathi futhi bahlanganise ulwazi olusha nokufunda. Ulwazi oludala ngendlela entsha. Ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi kuyathuthuka.
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngokusebenzisa imodeli yokufunda yezokwelapha ye-CDIO, abafundi bobuhlengikazi eqenjini lokungenelela babengcono kunabafundi bobuhlengikazi eqenjini lokulawula ekwenzeni ukubonisana nabahlengikazi, ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba, ukunquma ukuxilongwa kwabahlengikazi, ukusebenzisa ukungenelela kwabahlengikazi, kanye nemiphumela yokunakekelwa kwabahlengikazi kanye nokunakekelwa kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo kupharamitha ngayinye phakathi kwamaqembu amabili (p < 0.05), okwakufana nemiphumela kaHongyun [29]. UZhou Tong [21] wafunda umphumela wokusebenzisa imodeli yokufundisa ye-Concept-Design-Implement-Operate (CDIO) enkambisweni yezokwelapha yokufundisa abahlengikazi benhliziyo, futhi wathola ukuthi abafundi eqenjini lokuhlola basebenzisa umkhuba wezokwelapha we-CDIO. Indlela yokufundisa enkambisweni yabahlengikazi, ubuntu. Amapharamitha ayisishiyagalombili, njengekhono labahlengikazi kanye nokuqaphela, angcono kakhulu kunalawo abafundi babahlengikazi abasebenzisa izindlela zokufundisa zendabuko. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba enkambisweni yokufunda, abafundi babahlengikazi abasamukeli ulwazi ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo, kodwa basebenzisa amakhono abo. bathola ulwazi ngezindlela ezahlukene. Amalungu eqembu akhulula ngokugcwele umoya weqembu lawo, ahlanganisa izinsiza zokufunda, futhi abika ngokuphindaphindiwe, aprakthize, ahlaziye, futhi axoxe ngezinkinga zamanje zabahlengikazi bezokwelapha. Ulwazi lwabo lukhula kusukela kokungajulile kuya kokujulile, benaka kakhulu okuqukethwe okuqondile kokuhlaziywa kwembangela. izinkinga zempilo, ukwakheka kwemigomo yobuhlengikazi kanye nokwenzeka kokungenelela kobuhlengikazi. Abafundisi banikeza isiqondiso kanye nokuboniswa ngesikhathi sezingxoxo ukuze bakhe ukuvuselelwa okujikelezayo kwempendulo yokuqonda-umkhuba, basize abafundi bobuhlengikazi baqedele inqubo yokufunda enenjongo, bathuthukise amakhono okusebenza komtholampilo abafundi bobuhlengikazi, bathuthukise intshisekelo yokufunda kanye nokusebenza kahle, futhi bathuthukise njalo umkhuba wokwelapha wabafundi - abahlengikazi. . ikhono. Ikhono lokufunda kusukela ku-theory kuya kumkhuba, baqedele ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi.
Ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo yezokwelapha ezisekelwe ku-CDIO kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yemfundo yezokwelapha. Imiphumela yocwaningo lukaDing Jinxia [30] nabanye ikhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi kwezici ezahlukahlukene ezifana nesisusa sokufunda, ikhono lokufunda elizimele, kanye nokuziphatha kokufundisa okuphumelelayo kothisha bezokwelapha. Kulesi sifundo, ngokuthuthukiswa kokufundisa kwezokwelapha kwe-CDIO, othisha bezokwelapha bathole ukuqeqeshwa kobungcweti okuthuthukisiwe, imiqondo yokufundisa ebuyekeziwe, kanye namakhono okufundisa athuthukisiwe. Okwesibili, kucebisa izibonelo zokufundisa kwezokwelapha kanye nokuqukethwe kwemfundo yobuhlengikazi benhliziyo, kukhombisa ukuhleleka nokusebenza kwemodeli yokufundisa kusukela embonweni omkhulu, futhi kukhuthaza ukuqonda kwabafundi nokugcina okuqukethwe kwezifundo. Impendulo ngemuva kwenkulumo ngayinye ingakhuthaza ukuzazi kothisha bezokwelapha, ikhuthaze othisha bezokwelapha ukuthi bazindle ngamakhono abo, izinga lobuchwepheshe kanye nezimfanelo zobuntu, baqaphele ngempela ukufunda kontanga, futhi bathuthukise ikhwalithi yokufundisa kwezokwelapha. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ikhwalithi yokufundisa yothisha bezokwelapha eqenjini lokungenelela yayingcono kuneyaseqenjini lokulawula, okwakufana nemiphumela yocwaningo lukaXiong Haiyang [31].
Nakuba imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iwusizo ekufundiseni ngezokwelapha, ucwaningo lwethu lusenemikhawulo eminingana. Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kokuthatha amasampula okulula kunganciphisa ukuvama kwalokhu okutholakele, futhi isampula yethu yayinqunyelwe esibhedlela esisodwa sokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. Okwesibili, isikhathi sokuqeqeshwa singamaviki ama-4 kuphela, futhi abafundi abaqeqeshwayo abahlengikazi badinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga abucayi. Okwesithathu, kulolu cwaningo, iziguli ezisetshenziswe ku-Mini-CEX zaziyiziguli zangempela ezingenalo ukuqeqeshwa, futhi ikhwalithi yokusebenza kwezifundo zabahlengikazi abaqeqeshwayo ingahluka kusuka esigulini kuya esigulini. Lezi yizinkinga eziyinhloko ezikhawulela imiphumela yalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lwandise usayizi wesampula, lwandise ukuqeqeshwa kwabafundisi bezokwelapha, futhi luhlanganise amazinga okuthuthukisa izifundo zamacala. Kudingeka futhi ucwaningo olude ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ikilasi eliguquliwe elisekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO lingathuthukisa yini amakhono aphelele abafundi bezokwelapha esikhathini eside.
Lolu cwaningo luthuthukise imodeli ye-CDIO ekwakhiweni kwezifundo zabafundi abahlengikazi bamathambo, lwakha igumbi lokufundela eligobile ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, futhi lwahlanganisa nemodeli yokuhlola ye-mini-CEX. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi igumbi lokufundela eligobile ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO alithuthukisi nje kuphela ikhwalithi yokufundisa kwezokwelapha, kodwa futhi lithuthukisa ikhono lokufunda labafundi ngokuzimela, ukucabanga okubucayi, kanye nekhono lokwenza umtholampilo. Le ndlela yokufundisa ithembeke kakhulu futhi isebenza kahle kunezinkulumo zendabuko. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi imiphumela ingaba nemiphumela emfundweni yezokwelapha. Igumbi lokufundela eligobile, ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, ligxile ekufundiseni, ekufundeni nasemisebenzini esebenzayo futhi lihlanganisa eduze ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono asebenzayo ukulungiselela abafundi umsebenzi wezokwelapha. Njengoba kubhekwa ukubaluleka kokunikeza abafundi ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekufundeni nasekuzilolongeni, futhi kucatshangelwa zonke izici, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi imodeli yokufunda yezokwelapha esekelwe ku-CDIO isetshenziswe emfundweni yezokwelapha. Le ndlela inganconywa futhi njengendlela entsha, egxile kubafundi ekufundiseni kwezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kuzoba usizo kakhulu kubenzi bezinqubomgomo nososayensi lapho bethuthukisa amasu okuthuthukisa imfundo yezokwelapha.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-24-2024