Kusukela ngobhubhane lwe-19 lwe-19, izwe seluqalile ukunaka okwengeziwe umsebenzi wokufundisa wezempilo wezibhedlela zasenyuvesi. Ukuqinisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithi nezemfundo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi nokusebenza kokufundisa kwemitholampilo kuyizinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nemfundo yezokwelapha. Ubunzima bokufundisa ama-ormopedics busezinhlobonhlobo zezifo, ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme kanye nezici ezingezinhle, ezithonya isinyathelo sokuqala, umdlandla kanye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kokufundisa kwabafundi bezokwelapha. Lolu cwaningo luthuthukise uhlelo lokufundisa lwasekilasini olususelwa ku-CDIO (Concept-Design-Pred-Worker Training Concept ukuthuthukisa inkambo yokufunda yabahlengikazi yasekhaya ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokufunda osebenzayo nosizo Imfundo yezokwelapha. Ukufunda ekilasini kuzosebenza kakhulu futhi kugxile.
Abafundi bezokwelapha abangamashumi amahlanu abaphothule i-internship emnyangweni wamathambo wesibhedlela esiphakeme ngoJuni 2017 bafakiwe eqenjini elilawulayo, kanye nabafundi abahlengikazi abangama-50 abaphothule i-Internship emnyangweni ngoJuni 2018 bafakiwe eqenjini lokungenelela. Iqembu lokungenelela lamukela umqondo we-CDIO wemodeli yokufundisa yasekilasini elicwebezelayo, kuyilapho iqembu lokulawula lamukela imodeli yokufundisa yendabuko. Ngemuva kokuqeda imisebenzi engokoqobo yoMnyango, amaqembu amabili abafundi ahlolwe emcabangweni, amakhono okusebenza, amandla okuzimela okufunda kanye nekhono lokucabanga elibucayi kanye nekhono lokucabanga elibucayi. Amaqembu amabili othisha aqede izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zokuhlola amakhono okusebenza emtholampilo, kufaka phakathi izinqubo ezine zabahlengikazi, amakhono okuba abahlengikazi abanobuntu, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokufundisa emtholampilo.
Ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa, ikhono lokuzijwayeza, ikhono lokucabanga elibucayi, ikhono lokufunda elizimele, ukusebenza kwe-theory kanye nokusebenza kwekhwalithi yekhwalithi yeqembu eliphakeme kakhulu kunaleqembu elilawulayo (yonke p <0.05).
Imodeli yokufundisa ngokususelwa ku-CDIO ingakhuthaza ukufundwa okuzimele kwabahlengikazi kanye nekhono lokucabanga elibucayi, ukukhuthaza inhlanganisela ye-organic yomqondo nokuzijwayeza, ukuthuthukisa amandla abo okusebenzisa ulwazi lwethiyori ukuhlaziya nokuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzayo.
IMfundo Yezempilo yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu semfundo yabahlengikazi futhi ifaka phakathi ukuguqulwa kolwazi lwethiyori ukuzijwayeza. Ukufundwa okusebenzayo komtholampilo kungasiza abafundi abahlengikazi bakwazi amakhono ochwepheshe, kuqinise ulwazi lobuchwepheshe, futhi kuthuthukise amandla abo okwenza ubuhlengikazi. Futhi kuyisigaba sokugcina senguquko yomsebenzi wabafundi bezokwelapha [1]. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi abaningi bemfundiso bafundile benza ucwaningo ngezindlela zokufundisa ezifana nokufunda okusekelwe yizinkinga (PBL), ukufundwa okususelwa enkantolo (CBL), ukufunda okusekelwe kweqembu (i-TBL), kanye nokufunda kokusizakala kwesimo sokufundisa emtholampilo . . Kodwa-ke, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokufundisa zinezinzuzo zazo nokubi kwazo ngokuya ngomphumela wokufunda wokuxhumeka okusebenzayo, kepha azifinyeleli ukuhlanganiswa kwethiyori nokuzijwayeza [2].
"Igumbi lokufunda elithi" Igumbi lokufunda elithi "Bried Specise libhekisela kwimodeli yokufunda entsha lapho abafundi besebenzisa khona ipulatifomu ethile yokufunda ngokuzimela izinto zokufunda ezahlukahlukene ngaphambi kweklasi futhi ziqedele umsebenzi wokufunda" ekilasini eliqondisa abafundi. Phendula imibuzo futhi unikeze usizo olwenziwe ngezifiso [3]. I-American News Media Aliment Abonget ukuthi ikilasi elicwengekileyo liguqula isikhathi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekilasi futhi lidlulisela izinqumo zokufunda zabafundi ezivela kothisha kwabafundi [kwabafundi. Isikhathi esibalulekile esichithwa ekilasini kule modeli yokufunda sivumela abafundi ukuthi bagxile kakhulu ekufundeni okusebenzayo, okusekwe yizinkinga. I-Deshpande [5] yenze isifundo ekilasini elicwebezelayo eMfundweni Yezemfundo Nezokufundisa futhi waphetha ngokuthi ikilasi elicwengekile lingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwabafundi ngomdlandla kanye nokusebenza kwezifundo futhi kunciphise isikhathi seklasi. Khe fung hew ne-chung Kwan lo [6] bahlole imiphumela yocwaningo yezindatshana zokuqhathanisa ekilasini lokufundisa ekilasini futhi lifingqe ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufundisa zendabuko, okubonisa indlela yokufundisa yasekilasini elikhanyayo Kwezemfundo ezempilo eziqeqeshiwe zingcono kakhulu futhi zithuthukisa ukufunda kwabafundi. Zhong jie [7] Qhathanisa nemiphumela yeklasi le-Virtued Virtual Virtual kanye ne-Class Classroom Hybrid Ukufundwa kolwazi lwemfundo yabafundi, futhi kutholakale ukuthi inqubo yokufunda i-hybrid ekilasini lokufunda, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokufundisa nge-inthanethi kungathuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwabafundi futhi ulwazi. bamba. Ngokusekelwe kwimiphumela yocwaningo engenhla, emkhakheni wezemfundo yabahlengikazi, iningi lezazi lifunda umphumela weklasi lokufundisa ekilasini futhi ukholelwa ukuthi ukufundisa kwasekilasini kwabahlengikazi kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwabafundi abahlengikazi, amandla okufunda ezimele, kanye nokweneliseka kwasekilasini.
Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlola nokukhulisa indlela entsha yokufundisa ezosiza abafundi abahlengikazi ukuba basebenzise futhi basebenzise ulwazi oluhlelekile oluhlelekile futhi bathuthukise ikhono labo lokuzijwayeza ngokomtholampilo kanye nekhwalithi ephelele. I-CDIO (Concept-Design-Pred-Worker-Work) iyimodeli yezemfundo yobunjiniyela ethuthukiswe ngonyaka ka-2000 ngamanyuvesi amane, kufaka phakathi iMassachusetts Institute of Technology kanye neRoyal Institute of Technology eSweden. Kuyimodeli ethuthukile yemfundo yobunjiniyela evumela abafundi abahlengikazi ukuthi bafunde futhi bathole amakhono endaweni esebenzayo, ephethwe yisikhathi, ne-organic [8]. Mayelana nokufunda okuyisisekelo, le modeli igcizelela "ukugenca kwabafundi," ukuvumela abafundi ukuthi babambe iqhaza emcabangweni, ekwakhiweni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaphrojekthi, kanye nokuguqula ulwazi lwethiyori kumathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga kumathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga. Ucwaningo oluningi selukhombisile ukuthi imodeli yokufundisa ye-CDIO inomthelela ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okuzilolonga ngokwelashwa kanye nekhwalithi ephelele yabafundi bezokwelapha, ethuthukisa ukuxhumana kwabafundi, futhi idlala indima ekuthuthukiseni izinguquko zokufundisa kanye nokwenza kahle izindlela zokufundisa. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqeqeshweni kwethalente okusetshenzisiwe [10].
Ngokuguqulwa kwemodeli yezokwelashwa yomhlaba wonke, izimfuno zabantu zezempilo ziyanda, okubuye kwaholela ekukhuphukeni komthwalo wemfanelo wabasebenzi bezokwelapha. Amandla nekhwalithi yabahlengikazi ahlobene ngqo nekhwalithi yokunakekelwa kwemitholampilo nokuphepha kweziguli. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhlolwa kwamakhono emitholampilo wabasebenzi babahlengikazi sekuyisihloko esishisayo emkhakheni wabahlengikazi [11]. Ngakho-ke, inhloso, indlela ephelele, ethembekile, futhi evumayo yokuhlola ibalulekile ekucwaningeni kwezemfundo yezokwelapha. Isisebenzi sokuhlola imitholampilo esincane (i-mini-cex) yindlela yokuhlola amakhono aphelele emitholampilo yabafundi bezokwelapha futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezemfundo yezokwelapha ehlukahlukene ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Kancane kancane kwavela emkhakheni wabahlengikazi [12, 13].
Kwenziwe izifundo eziningi ekusetshenzisweni kwemodeli ye-CDIO, iklasi laseClass, kanye ne-mini-cex emfundweni yabahlengikazi. UWang Bei [14] waxoxa ngomthelela wemodeli ye-CDIO ekwenzeni ngcono ukuqeqeshwa kwabahlengikazi ngezidingo zabahlengikazi be-COVID-19. Imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-CDIO Training ukuhlinzeka ngoqeqesho olwenzelwe ubuhlengikazi nge-Covid-19 kuzosiza abahlengikazi abahlele kangcono ukuthola amakhono okuqeqeshwa abahlengikazi abahlengikazi nolwazi oluhlobene, futhi bathuthukise ngokuphelele amakhono abo abahlengikazi aphelele. Izazi ezinjengeLiu Mei [15] zixoxe ngohlelo lokusebenza lwendlela yokufundisa yeqembu ehlanganiswe neklasi lokufundwayo ekuqeqesheni abahlengikazi be-Orthopedic. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi le modeli yokufundisa ingathuthukisa ngempumelelo amakhono ayisisekelo wabahlengikazi bamathambo abanjengokuqonda. Futhi ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwethiyori, ukusebenzisana, ukucabanga okubucayi, nocwaningo lwesayensi. Li ruyue et al. . yena. Abahlengikazi futhi banikeze impendulo yesikhathi sangempela. Ngenqubo yokuzihlola nokuzicabangela, amaphuzu ayisisekelo wokuhlola ukusebenza kwabahlengikazi, ikhwalithi yemfanelo iyathuthukiswa, amandla obuhlengikazi abahle abahlelekile abaphuthumayo abathuthukile, futhi abakhangisiwe Inhlanganisela yasekilasini ngokususelwa kumqondo we-CDIO iyahlolwa, kepha okwamanje ayikho umbiko wokucwaninga. Ukusetshenziswa kwemodeli yokuhlola ye-Mini-CEX enkulisa yezemfundo yabahlengikazi kubafundi bamathambo ama-Orthopedic. Umbhali wasebenzisa imodeli ye-CDIO ekwakhiweni kwezifundo zokuqeqesha zabahlengikazi base-Orthopedic, wakha iklasi elifuywayo elisuselwa kumqondo we-CDIO, futhi kuhlangene nemodeli yokuhlola ye-Mini-CEX ukusebenzisa imodeli yokufunda e-mini-in. Ulwazi namakhono, futhi negalelo ekwenzeni ngcono ikhwalithi yokufundisa. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kunikeza isisekelo sokufunda esekwe kokuzivocavoca ezibhedlela zokufundisa.
Ukwenza lula ukwenziwa kwesifundo, indlela elula yesampula yasetshenziswa njengezifundo zokutadisha ukukhetha abafundi babahlengikazi kusukela ngo-2017 nango-2018 ababesebenza eMnyangweni wamathambo wesibhedlela esiphakeme. Njengoba kunabafundi abangu-52 kulelo nalelo zinga, usayizi wesampula uzoba ngu-104. Abafundi abane abangabamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni okugcwele kwemitholampilo. Iqembu elilawulayo lifaka abafundi abahlengikazi abangama-50 abaphothule i-internship emnyangweni wamathambo wesibhedlela esiphakeme ngoJuni 2017, kwabesifazane abangama-64 (21.30 ± u-0.60). NgoJuni 2018. Iqembu lokungenelela lalihlanganisa abafundi abangama-50 bezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi amadoda ayi-8 kanye nabesifazane abangama-42 abaneminyaka engama-21 kuya ku-22 (21.45 ± 0,37) iminyaka engu-0,37). Zonke izifundo zanikeza imvume enolwazi. Izindlela zokufaka: (1) Abafundi be-Orthopedic Virtnction Internship nge-Bachelor's degree. (2) Imvume enolwazi nokubamba iqhaza kokuzithandela kulolu cwaningo. Izindlela zokukhishwa: Abantu abangakwazi ngokuphelele ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele emtholampilo. Awukho umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo olwazini olujwayelekile lwamaqembu amabili abaqeqeshi bomfundi wezokwelapha (P> 0.05) futhi aqhathaniswa.
Womabili la maqembu aqeda ukufundwa kwemitholampilo enamasonto amane, nazo zonke izifundo eziqediwe eMnyangweni Wezama-Orthopedics. Ngesikhathi sokubheka, kwakukhona amaqembu ayi-10 abafundi bezokwelapha, abafundi aba-5 eqenjini ngalinye. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nohlelo lwe-internship lwabahlengikazi, kufaka phakathi izingxenye zethiyori nezobuchwepheshe. Othisha kuwo womabili amaqembu baneziqu ezifanayo, futhi uthisha wabahlengikazi unesibopho sokuqapha ikhwalithi yokufundisa.
Iqembu elilawulayo lisebenzise izindlela zokufundisa zendabuko. Ngesonto lokuqala lesikole, amakilasi aqala ngoMsombuluko. Othisha bafundisa umbono ngoLwesibili nangoLwesithathu, futhi bagxile ekuqeqeshweni okusebenzayo ngoLwesine nangoLwesihlanu. Kusuka kwesibili kuya kweleviki lesine, ilungu lekhono ngalinye libhekele umfundi wezokwelapha onikeza izinkulumo ngezikhathi ezithile eMnyangweni. Evikini lesine, ukuhlolwa kuzoqedwa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuphela kwesifundo.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umlobi wamukela indlela yokufundisa yasekilasini elicwebezelayo esekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, njengoba kuchaziwe ngezansi.
Isonto lokuqala lokuqeqeshwa liyafana naseqenjini lokulawula; Amaviki amabili kuya kwezine zokuqeqeshwa kwe-Orthopedic Perioperication esebenzisa uhlelo lokufundisa ekilasini eligcwele ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO amahora angama-36. Ingxenye yomqondo kanye nengxenye yokwakha isiqediwe evikini lesibili kanti ingxenye yokuqalisa iyaqedwa ngeviki lesithathu. Ukuhlinzwa kwaqedwa ngesonto lesine, futhi ukuhlolwa kanye nokuhlola kwaqedwa izinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhipha. Bheka Ithebula 1 lokuhanjiswa kwesikhathi esithile sekilasi.
Iqembu lokufundisa eliqukethe umhlengikazi ophezulu oyedwa, ubuhlakani be-8 obunama-orthopedic kanye nochwepheshe obangiseli be-con-onopedic CDIO. Umhlengikazi Omkhulu uhlinzeka ngamalungu eqembu lokufundisa nocwaningo kanye nolwazi lwekharikhulamu ye-CDIO kanye nama-CDIO Workshop kanye neminye imibono ehlobene nezindlela ezithile zokuqalisa kanye nezindlela ezithile zokuqalisa (okungenani amahora angama-20), futhi axhumane nochwepheshe ngazo zonke izikhathi ezinzima zokufundisa ngethiyori . Izinjongo Zokufunda Zokufunda, phatha ikharikhulamu, futhi ulungiselele izifundo ngendlela engaguquguquki evumelana nezidingo zabahlengikazi abadala kanye nohlelo lokuhlalisana.
Ngokusho kohlelo lwe-internship, ngokubhekisele kuhlelo lokuqeqeshwa kwamathalente lwe-CDIO TATENT [17] futhi lihlanganiswe nezimpawu zokufundisa zomhlengikazi wamathambo, izinhloso zokufunda zabafundi abahlengikazi zibekwe ngobukhulu obuthathu, okungukuthi: Izinhloso Zolwazi (ulwazi oluyisisekelo Ulwazi), ulwazi lobuchwepheshe nezinqubo zohlelo oluhlobene, njll.) njll.). .). Izinhloso zolwazi zihambelana nolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokubonisana ngekharikhulamu ye-CDIO, amakhono akho, amakhono obuchwepheshe kanye nobudlelwano bekharikhulamu ye-CDIO, kanye nezinhloso zekhwalithi ezihambelana namakhono athambile wekharikhulamu ye-CDIO: ukusebenzisana kanye nokuxhumana.
Ngemuva kwemijikelezo emibili yemihlangano, iqembu elifundisayo laxoxa ngecebo lokufundisa umkhuba wokuhleka usulu ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-CDIO, wahlukanisa ukuqeqeshwa kube yizigaba ezine, futhi wanquma ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokuklama etafuleni 1.
Ngemuva kokuhlaziya umsebenzi wobuhlengikazi ezifweni zamathambo, uthisha ukhombe amacala ezifo ezivamile nezijwayelekile zamathambo. Ake sithathe uhlelo lokwelashwa lweziguli nge-Lumbar Disc Herniation njengesibonelo: Isiguli Zhang Moumou (owesilisa, oneminyaka engama-177 cm, isisindo esingu-170 kg) sihambisana nokukhubazeka okuphansi kwesokunxele Izinyanga ezi-2 "futhi wangeniswa esibhedlela emtholampilo ongaphandle. Njengomhlengikazi wesiguli obhekele umhlengikazi: (1) Sicela ubuze ngokuhlelekile umlando wesiguli ngokuya ngolwazi owutholile futhi unqume ukuthi kwenzekani esigulini; (2) Khetha inhlolovo ehleliwe nezindlela zokuhlola ochwepheshe ezisuselwa esimweni futhi kuphakamise imibuzo yocwaningo edinga ukuhlolwa okuthe xaxa; (3) Yenza ukuxilongwa kwabahlengikazi. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa i-database yokucinga yamacala; Qopha ukungenelela okuhlosiwe kwabahlengikazi okuhlobene nesiguli; (4) Xoxa ngezinkinga ezikhona ekuziphatheni kweziguli, kanye nezindlela zamanje nokuqukethwe kokulandela isiguli lapho ukhipha. Thumela izindaba zabafundi kanye nemisebenzi yezinsuku ezimbili ngaphambi kweklasi. Uhlu lomsebenzi waleli cala lungokulandelayo: (1) buyekeza futhi uqinise ulwazi lwethiyori mayelana ne-etiology kanye nokubonakaliswa kwemitholampilo kweLumbar inveryerberbral disc disc disc yami yonke; (2) athuthukise uhlelo lokunakekelwa okuhlosiwe; . Abahlengikazi Abafundi Abahlengikazi babuyekeza okuqukethwe kwenkambo ngemibuzo yokuzijwayeza, babonisana nezincwadi ezifanele kanye nemininingwane, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzitadisha ephelele ngokungena ngemvume eqenjini leWechat.
Abafundi bakha ngokukhululekile amaqembu, futhi iqembu likhetha umholi weqembu elibhekele ukuhlukanisa abasebenzi kanye nokuxhumanisa iphrojekthi. Umholi weqembu langaphambi kwecala unesibopho sokusabalalisa okuqukethwe okune: Isingeniso samacala, ukuqaliswa kwenqubo yabahlengikazi, imfundo yezempilo, kanye nolwazi oluhlobene nezifo eqenjini ngalinye leqembu. Ngesikhathi sokufunda umsebenzi, abafundi basebenzisa isikhathi sabo samahhala ukucwaninga ngemuva noma izinto zokwakha ukuxazulula izinkinga zamacala, baqhube izingxoxo zeqembu, futhi bathuthukise amasu athile wephrojekthi. Ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi, uthisha usiza umholi weqembu ekwabelele amalungu eqembu ukuthi ahlele ulwazi olufanele, athuthukise futhi akhiqize amaphrojekthi, akhombise futhi anikeze abafundi abahlengikazi ekuhlanganiseni ulwazi oluhlobene nokuklama ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni. Thola ulwazi lwemodyuli ngayinye. Izinselelo namaphuzu asemqoka aleli qembu lokucwaninga ahlaziywa futhi athuthukiswe, kanye nohlelo lokuqalisa ngokufana kwe-Scenario Moden yaleli qembu lokucwaninga laliqaliswa. Ngalesi sigaba, othisha bahlela futhi imiboniso yabahlengikazi nxazonke.
Abafundi basebenza ngamaqembu amancane ukwethula amaphrojekthi. Ngemuva kombiko, amanye amalungu eqembu kanye namalungu ekhono kuxoxwe ngawo futhi aphawula ngeqembu elibikayo ukuze athuthukise uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwabahlengikazi. Umholi weqembu ugqugquzela amalungu eqembu ukuthi alingise yonke inqubo yokunakekelwa, futhi uthisha usiza abafundi ukuthi bahlole izinguquko ezinamandla ezifweni ngokuzijwayeza okwenziwe, futhi bathuthukise amakhono abo okucabanga, futhi athuthukise amakhono okucabanga abucayi, futhi athuthukise amakhono okucabanga abucayi. Konke okumele kuqediwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ezikhethekile kuqediwe ngaphansi kokuholwa othisha. Othisha baphawula futhi baqondise abafundi abahlengikazi ukwenza umkhuba wokuseceleni kombhede ukuze kufinyelelwe inhlanganisela yolwazi nokwenza komtholampilo.
Ngemuva kokuhlola iqembu ngalinye, uthisha waphawula futhi waphawula amandla nobuthakathaka belungu ngalinye kule nhlangano yokuqukethwe kanye nenqubo yekhono ukuqhubeka nokwenza ngcono ukuqonda kwabahlengikazi ngokuqukethwe kokufunda. Othisha bahlaziya ikhwalithi yokufundisa futhi bandisa izifundo ezisuselwa ekuhlolweni kwabahlengikazi kanye nokuhlola ukufundisa.
Abahlengikazi abafundi bathatha izivivinyo zethiyori futhi ezisebenzayo ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo. Imibuzo yethiyori yokungenelela iyabuzwa nguthisha. Amaphepha okungenelela ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili (A no-B), neqembu elilodwa likhethwe ngokungahleliwe ngokungenelela. Imibuzo yokungenelela ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: ulwazi lwe-theoretical kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamacala, ngalinye likufanele amaphuzu angama-50 ukuthola inani eliphelele lamaphuzu ayi-100. Abafundi, lapho behlola amakhono asebekhulile, bangahle bakhethe okukodwa kokulandelayo, kufaka phakathi inqubo yokungenisa ama-axial, amasu amahle okubeka iziguli ezigulini zomgogodla, inqubo yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-ppm ehlanganyelwe, njll. Amaphuzu angamaphuzu ayi-100.
Esontweni lesine, isikali sokuhlola okuzimele sizohlolwa izinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuphela kwesifundo. Isilinganiso sokuhlola esizimele sokufunda amandla okufunda athuthukiswe nguZhang Xiyan [18] sasetshenziswa, kufaka phakathi ukugqugquzelwa kokufunda (izinto eziyi-8), amandla okusebenzisana (izinto eziyi-6), kanye nezinto ezi-6) . Into ngayinye ilinganiselwa esikalini esingamaphuzu ayi-5 ukusuka ku- "Hhayi nhlobo ihambisane" ukuze "iguqulwe ngokuphelele," ngezikolo ezisukela ku-1 kuye ku-5. . I-Cronbach's Alpha Coefflentle Yesilinganiso ngu-0.822.
Evikini lesine, kwahlolwa isikali sokucabanga esibucayi sokucabanga ukuthi kwahlolwa izinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhipha. Uhlobo lwesiShayina lwesikali sokuhlola amandla okucabanga okubucayi okuhunyushwe nguMern Corps [19] wawusetshenziswa. Inobukhulu obuyisikhombisa: Ukutholwa Kweqiniso, Ukucabanga Okuvulekile, Ikhono Lokuhlaziya kanye Nekhono Lokuhlela, Nezinto eziyi-10 kubukhulu ngasinye. Isilinganiso samaphoyinti ayi-6 sisetshenziswa sisuka ku- "asivumelani ngokuqinile" ku- "Strintly" ngokuqinile "kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6, ngokulandelana. Izitatimende ezingezinhle zitholwe kabusha, ngesibalo esiphelele esisukela ku-70 kuya ku-420. Isibalo esiphelele se-≤210 sibonisa ukusebenza okungathathi hlangothi, futhi ≥350 kukhombisa amandla aqinile okucabanga okucabanga. I-Cronbach's Alpha Coefflentle Yesilinganiso ngu-0.90.
Evikini lesine, ukuhlolwa kwamakhono emtholampilo kuzokwenzeka izinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhipha. Isikali se-mini-cex esisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo saguqulwa kusuka ku-Medical Classic esekwe kwi-mini-cex, futhi ukwehluleka kwatholakala kumaphuzu ayi-1 kuye kwangama-3. Ihlangabezana nezidingo, amaphuzu 4-6 wezidingo zemihlangano, amaphuzu angu-7-9 wokuhle. Abafundi bezokwelapha baqedela ukuqeqeshwa kwabo ngemuva kokuqeda umsebenzi okhethekile. I-coefficial ye-cronbach yalesi silinganiso ingu-0.780 kanye ne-split-halfung refficial coefflity ingu-0.842, ekhombisa ukuthembeka okuhle.
Evikini lesine, usuku olwandulela lo mnyango, uchungechunge lothisha kanye nabafundi kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokufundisa kubanjwa. Ifomu lokuhlola ikhwalithi lekhwalithi lakhiwa nguZhou Tong [21] futhi lifaka phakathi izici ezinhlanu: Isimo sokufundisa, okuqukethwe okufundisayo nokufundisa. Izindlela, imiphumela yokuqeqeshwa nezimpawu zokuqeqeshwa. Kwasetshenziswa isikali esiku-5-point Lapho kuphakama amaphuzu, ngcono ikhwalithi yokufundisa. Kuqedwe ngemuva kokuqeda i-internship ekhethekile. Uhlu lwemibuzo luthembeke kahle, nge-alpha kaCronbach yesilinganiso esingu-0.85.
Idatha yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS 21.0. Idatha yokulinganisa ivezwa njengokuphambuka okujwayelekile Idatha yokubala yavezwa njengenombolo yamacala (%) futhi iqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa ukungenelela okuqondile kwe-chi-skwele. Inani le-P <0.05 libonisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo.
Ukuqhathanisa inqwaba yokungenelela kwethiyori kanye nokusebenza kwamaqembu amabili abahlengikazi abaqeqeshiwe kukhonjiswa kuThebula 2.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokufunda okuzimele nokufunda okubucayi kwamaqembu amabili amaqembu abahlengikazi abonisiwe kuThebula 3.
Ukuqhathanisa nokuhlolwa kwekhono lokwenziwa komtholampilo phakathi kwamaqembu amabili abahlengikazi abaqeqeshelayo. Ikhono lomtholampilo labahlengikazi labafundi eqenjini lokungenelela lalingcono kakhulu kunalokho eqenjini elilawulayo, futhi umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (P <0.05) njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 4.
Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhwalithi efundisayo yamaqembu amabili ikhombisa ukuthi isikolo sekhwalithi esiphelele seqembu lokulawula sasingamaphuzu angama-90.08 ± 2.34, kanye nenani eliphelele lokufundisa leqembu leqembu elingu-96.34 ± 2.16. Umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo. (t = - 13.900, p <0.001).
Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nenqubekela phambili yezokwelapha kudinga ukunqwabelana okwanele kwethalente lezokwelapha. Yize izindlela eziningi zokulingisa kanye nokulingisa zikhona, azikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sokuzilolonga somtholampilo, ezihlobene ngokuqondile nekhono lethalente lezokwelapha elizayo ukwelapha izifo futhi usindise izifo. Kusukela ngobhubhane lwe-19 lwe-19, izwe linake kakhulu umsebenzi wokufundisa wemitholampilo wezibhedlela zaseyunivesithi [22]. Ukuqinisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithi nezemfundo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi nokusebenza kokufundisa kwemitholampilo kuyizinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nemfundo yezokwelapha. Ubunzima bokufundisa ama-orshopedics busezinhlobonhlobo zezifo, ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme kanye nezici ezingezinhle, ezithinta amandla okuqala, umdlandla kanye nekhono lokufunda labafundi bezokwelapha [23].
Indlela yokufundisa yasekilasini elicwebezelayo ngaphakathi komqondo wokufundisa we-CDIO ihlanganisa nokufunda nenqubo yokufundisa, ukufunda nokuzilolonga. Lokhu kushintsha ukwakheka kwamakilasi futhi kubeka abafundi abahlengikazi emgogodleni wokufundisa. Ngesikhathi senqubo yezemfundo, othisha basiza abafundi abahlengikazi ngokuzimela finyelela imininingwane efanelekile ngezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zokunakekela abahlengikazi emacaleni ajwayelekile [24]. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi i-CDIO ifaka ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi nemisebenzi yokufundisa. Le phrojekthi ihlinzeka ngokuholwa okuningiliziwe, ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okusebenza asebenzayo, futhi ikhomba izinkinga ngesikhathi sokulingisa, okuwusizo kubafundi abahlengikazi, kanye nokuholwa ngesikhathi sokuzimela Ukufunda. -Ukuthi. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ngemuva kwamaviki ama-4 okuqeqeshwa, amakhono azimele wokufunda kanye namakhono okucabanga ababucayi babafundi abahlengikazi eqenjini lokungenelela aphakeme kakhulu kunaleqembu elilawulayo (bobabili p <0.001). Lokhu kuyahambisana nemiphumela yokutadisha kwe-fan Xaioying ngomphumela we-CDIO kuhlanganiswe nendlela yokufundisa ye-CBL enkolweni yabahlengikazi [25]. Le ndlela yokuqeqesha ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukucabanga okubucayi kwabaqeqeshi kanye namakhono okufunda azimele. Ngesikhathi sesigaba semibono, uthisha uqale wabelana ngamaphuzu anzima nabafundi abahlengikazi ekilasini. Abafundisi Abahlengikazi bafunda ngokuzimela imininingwane efanelekile ngamavidiyo ama-Micro-Lecture futhi bafuna izinto ezifanele ukuze baphinde bathuthukise ukuqonda kwabo umsebenzi wobuhlengikazi base-Orthopedic. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqamba, abafundi abahlengikazi benza ukusebenzisana kanye namakhono okucabanga ababucayi ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo zeqembu, eziqondiswa yi-Faculty futhi zisebenzisa izifundo zamacala. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqalisa, othisha babheka ukunakekelwa kwempilo okungokopera kwezifo zangempela njengethuba futhi basebenzise izindlela zokufundisa zokulingisa zokufundisa abafundi abahlengikazi ukuba bazijwayeze futhi bathole izinkinga emsebenzini wabahlengikazi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokufundisa amacala wangempela, abafundi abahlengikazi bangafunda amaphuzu asemqoka ekunakekelweni okubambisanayo kanye nokunakekelwa kwe-postoperative ukuze baqonde kahle ukuthi zonke izici zokunakekelwa kwesendlalelo zibalulekile ekubuyiselweni kweziguli. Ezingeni lokusebenza, othisha basiza abafundi bezokwelapha Imibono namakhono okusebenza. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bafunda ukubona izinguquko ezimeni ezimweni zangempela, ukucabanga ngezinkinga ezingenzeka, futhi bangakwazi ukubamba ngekhanda izinqubo zokuhlehlisa eziningi ukusiza abafundi bezokwelapha. Inqubo yokwakha nokusetjenziswa kwemvelo ihlanganisa okuqukethwe kokuqeqeshwa. Kule nqubo yokubambisana, esebenzisana neyokufunda kanye nenqubo yokufunda yabazali abahlelayo, intshiseko yokufunda yabahlengikazi eyaziqondisayo yokufunda ihlanganiswe kahle futhi amakhono abo okucabanga abucayi athuthukiswa. Abaphenyi basebenzise ukucabanga kwe-Design (DT) -Umqondo-Design-Ukusebenzisa-sebenzisa uhlaka lokuklama ubunjiniyela ezifundweni zokuhlelwa kweWebhu kanye nokucabanga kwe-computational (CT), kanye Ukusebenza kwabafundi kwezemfundo kanye namakhono okucabanga kwe-computational athuthukiswa kakhulu [26].
Lolu cwaningo lusiza abafundi abahlengikazi ukuthi babambe iqhaza kuyo yonke inqubo ngokuya ngenqubo yokubuzwa - ukuklama-ukuklama kwensiza. Izimo zemitholampilo zenziwe. Ukugxila-ke kungukusebenzisana kweqembu kanye nokucabanga okuzimele, okunezelwe nguthisha Ukuphendula imibuzo, abafundi abaphakamisa izisombululo ezinkingeni, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, izivivinyo zokuvivinya umzimba, nokugcina ngokuzivocavoca kombhede. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisile ukuthi inqwaba yabafundi bezokwelapha eqenjini lokungenelela ekuhlolweni kolwazi lwethiyori kanye namakhono okusebenza babengcono kunalokho kwabafundi eqenjini lokulawula, futhi umehluko waba yinto ebalulekile (p <0.001). Lokhu kuyahambisana neqiniso lokuthi abafundi bezokwelapha eqenjini lokungenelela bekuthola imiphumela engcono ekuhlolweni kolwazi lwethiyori kanye namakhono okusebenza. Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo, umehluko wawubaluleke ngokwezibalo (p <0.001). Kuhlanganiswe nemiphumela yokucwaninga efanele [27, 28]. Isizathu sokuhlaziywa ukuthi imodeli ye-CDIO kuqala ikhetha amaphuzu wolwazi lwezifo ngezilinganiso eziphezulu zesifo, kanti okwesibili, ubunzima bezilungiselelo zephrojekthi lifana nesisekelo. Kule modeli, ngemuva kokuba abafundi beqedele okuqukethwe okusebenzayo, baqedela i-Project Task Book njengoba kudingeka, babuyekeze okuqukethwe okufanele, futhi baxoxe ngezabelo namalungu eqembu ukugaya nokwenza ngaphakathi kokuqukethwe kokufunda nokufunda. Ulwazi oludala ngendlela entsha. Ukutholwa kolwazi kuthuthuka.
Lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ngokusebenzisa imodeli yokufunda ye-CDIO Clinical, abafundi abahlengikazi eqenjini labahlengiwe babengcono kunabafundisi eqenjini labahlengikazi, izivivinyo zomzimba, ukunquma ukungenelela kwabahlengikazi, kanye nokunakekelwa kwabahlengikazi. imiphumela. nokunakekelwa kwesintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekunokwehluka okuphawuleka ngokwezibalo kupharamitha ngalinye phakathi kwalawa maqembu amabili (P <0.05), okwakufana nemiphumela yeHongyun [29]. I-Zhou Tong [21] yafunda umphumela wokusebenzisa imodeli yokufundisa yomqondo-design-sebenza-sebenza (i-CDIO) ekufundisweni komtholampilo kwemfundiso yabahlengikazi yenhliziyo, futhi yathola ukuthi abafundi eqenjini le-CDIO basebenzisa umkhuba we-CDIO Clinical. Indlela yokufundisa enkonzweni yabahlengikazi, amapharamitha ayisishiyagalombili, afana nekhono labahlengikazi nonembeza, bangcono kakhulu kunalabo labafundi abahlengikazi abasebenzisa izindlela zokufundisa zendabuko. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba kwinqubo yokufunda, abafundi abahlengikazi abasamukeli ulwazi kalula, kepha basebenzise amakhono abo. zuza ulwazi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Amalungu eqembu awela ngokuphelele umoya wabo weqembu, ahlanganise izinsizakusebenza zokufunda, futhi abike kaningi, ajwayele, ahlaziye, ahlaziye, futhi axoxe ngezinkinga zamanje zemitholampilo zomtholampilo. Ulwazi lwabo lukhula kusuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo kuya ekujuleni, kubhekisisa okwengeziwe kokuqukethwe okuthile kokuhlaziywa kwezimbangela. Izinkinga zempilo, ukwakheka kwezinhloso zabahlengikazi kanye nokwenzeka kokungenelela kwabahlengikazi. I-Facity ihlinzeka ngokuholwa nomboniso ngesikhathi sezingxoxo zokwakha ukukhuthaza kokucabanga kokuphendula - ukuphendula kwabahlengikazi baqedela inqubo yokufunda enenjongo, bathuthukise ukusebenzelana nokufunda kanye nokuqhubeka nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka komtholampilo kwabafundisi - abahlengikazi . . ikhono. Amandla okufunda emcabangweni wokuzijwayeza, aqede ukutholwa kolwazi.
Ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo ye-CDIO esekwe emtholampilo kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yemfundo yezempilo. Imiphumela yocwaningo ye-Ding Jinxia [30] Futhi abanye bakhombisa ukuthi kunokuhlangana phakathi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene njengokufundisa kokufunda, amandla okufunda azimele, kanye nokuziphatha okusebenzayo kothisha bezempilo. Kulolu cwaningo, ngokuthuthukiswa kokufundisa kweCDIO Clinio, othisha abasebenza emtholampilo bathola ukuqeqeshwa ochwepheshe abathuthukile, imiqondo efundisayo evuselelwe, kanye namakhono okufundisa athuthukile. Okwesibili, ithuthukisa izibonelo zokufundisa emtholampilo kanye nokuqukethwe kwemfundo yabahlengikazi abahlengikazi, kukhombisa ukuhleleka nokusebenza kwemodeli yokufundisa ngokombono we-macro, futhi kukhuthaza ukuqonda kwabafundi nokugcinwa kwabafundi. Impendulo ngemuva kwenkulumo ngayinye ingagqugquzela ukuzakhela othisha abasebenza kwemitholampilo, kugqugquzela ukuthi abathisha bezempilo bacabange ngamakhono abo, izinga lobuchwepheshe kanye nezimfanelo zontanga, futhi babhekane nekhwalithi yokufundisa ngomtholampilo. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi ikhwalithi efundisayo yothisha bezokwelapha eqenjini lokungenelela yayingcono kunalokho eqenjini lokulawula, okwakufana nemiphumela yocwaningo ngoXiong Haiyang [31].
Yize imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibalulekile ekufundiseni umtholampilo, isifundo sethu sisenokulinganiselwa okuningi. Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwesampula lula kungakhawulela ukujwayelekile kwalokhu okutholakele, futhi isampula lethu ibikhawulelwe esibhedlela esisodwa semfundo ephakeme. Okwesibili, isikhathi sokuqeqeshwa singamaviki ama-4 kuphela, nabasebakhwe bomncelisa abadinga isikhathi esithe xaxa sokuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga abucayi. Okwesithathu, kulolu cwaningo, iziguli ezisetshenziswa e-mini-cex zaziyiziguli zangempela ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa, futhi ikhwalithi yabasebenzi bezifundo zabahlengikazi abangahlukahluka ngokubekezela. Lezi izingqinamba eziphambili ezinciphisa imiphumela yalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele kunwebe usayizi wesampula, kwandise ukuqeqeshwa kothisha bezempilo, futhi bahlanganise izindinganiso zokuthuthukisa izifundo zamacala. Ucwaningo olude luyadingeka futhi ukuphenya ukuthi ngabe ikilasi elicwebezele elisuselwa kumqondo we-CDIO ingathuthukisa amakhono aphelele wabafundi bezokwelapha ngesikhathi eside.
Lolu cwaningo luthuthukise imodeli ye-CDIO ekwakheni abafundi base-Orthopedic abahlengikazi, kwakha ikilasi elicwengekileyo ngokususelwa kumqondo we-CDIO, futhi bakuhlanganisa nemodeli yokuhlola i-Mini-CEX. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ikilasi elicwebezelayo elisuselwa kumqondo we-CDIO aligcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokufundisa ngomtholampilo, kepha futhi ithuthukisa amandla okufunda izimele zabafundi, ukucabanga okubucayi, kanye nekhono lokuzijwayeza. Le ndlela yokufundisa isethembeke kakhulu futhi isebenza kunezindlela zendabuko. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi imiphumela ingahle ibe nemiphumela yemfundo yezokwelapha. Igumbi lasekilasini elicwebezelayo, elisuselwa kumqondo we-CDIO, ligxile ekufundiseni, ekufundeni nasezintweni ezisebenzayo futhi lihlanganisa eduze ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono asebenzayo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukubaluleka kokuhlinzeka abafundi ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ekufundeni nasekusebenzeni, futhi kucatshangelwe zonke izici, kuhlongozwa ukuthi imodeli yokufunda emtholampilo esekelwe e-CDIO yezemfundo. Le ndlela nayo inganconywa njengendlela yokuqalisa, egxile kumfundi ekufundisweni komtholampilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kuzoba wusizo olukhulu kubabenzi bezinqubomgomo nasosayensi lapho behlakulela amasu okuthuthukisa imfundo yezokwelapha.
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Isikhathi sePosi: Feb-24-2024