Ngokwesiko, othisha bebefundisa ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba (PE) kubantu abasanda kufika kwezokwelapha (abaqeqeshwayo), naphezu kwezinselele zokuqasha kanye nezindleko, kanye nezinselele ngamasu ajwayelekile.
Siphakamisa imodeli esebenzisa amaqembu ajwayelekile abafundisi beziguli (ama-SPI) kanye nabafundi bezokwelapha bonyaka wesine (ama-MS4) ukufundisa amakilasi emfundo yomzimba kubafundi abasafunda ngaphambi kokwelashwa, besebenzisa ngokugcwele ukufunda ngokubambisana nokusiza ontanga.
Ucwaningo lwabafundi bangaphambi kokuqeqeshwa, i-MS4 kanye ne-SPI luveze imibono emihle ngalolu hlelo, kanti abafundi be-MS4 babike ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekuzibonakaliseni kwabo njengothisha. Ukusebenza kwabafundi bangaphambi kokuqeqeshwa ezivivinyweni zamakhono emtholampilo zasentwasahlobo kwakufana noma kungcono kunokusebenza kontanga yabo bangaphambi kohlelo.
Ithimba le-SPI-MS4 lingafundisa ngempumelelo abafundi abasaqalayo indlela yokusebenza kanye nesisekelo sezokwelapha sokuhlolwa ngokomzimba kwabaqalayo.
Abafundi abasha bezokwelapha (abafundi abangakafiki esikoleni sezokwelapha) bafunda ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo ngokomzimba (PE) ekuqaleni kwesikole sezokwelapha. Baqhuba amakilasi emfundo yomzimba kubafundi besikole sokulungiselela. Ngokwesiko, ukusetshenziswa kothisha nakho kunezinkinga, okungukuthi: 1) kuyabiza; 3) kunzima ukuqasha; 4) kunzima ukubenza balingane; 5) kungase kuvele amaphutha; amaphutha aphuthelwe kanye nasobala [1, 2] 6) Bangase bangajwayelani nezindlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe ebufakazini [3] 7) Bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi amakhono okufundisa emfundo yomzimba awanele [4];
Amamodeli okuqeqesha ukuzivocavoca aphumelelayo athuthukiswe kusetshenziswa iziguli zangempela [5], abafundi bezokwelapha abaphezulu noma izakhamuzi [6, 7], kanye nabantu abavamile [8] njengabafundisi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi wonke lawa mamodeli afana ngokuthi ukusebenza kwabafundi ezifundweni zemfundo yomzimba akwehli ngenxa yokukhishwa kokuhlanganyela kothisha [5, 7]. Kodwa-ke, othisha abavamile abanalo ulwazi kumongo wezokwelapha [9], okubalulekile kubafundi ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa idatha yezemidlalo ukuhlola imibono yokuxilonga. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sokulinganisa kanye nomongo wezokwelapha ekufundiseni imfundo yomzimba, iqembu lothisha lengeze izivivinyo zokuxilonga eziqhutshwa yimibono ekufundiseni kwabo abavamile [10]. E-George Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine, sibhekana nalesi sidingo ngemodeli yamaqembu ajwayelekile othisha beziguli (ama-SPI) kanye nabafundi bezokwelapha abaphezulu (ama-MS4). (Isithombe 1) I-SPI ihlanganiswe ne-MS4 ukufundisa abafundi i-PE. I-SPI inikeza ubuchwepheshe ekusebenzeni kokuhlolwa kwe-MS4 kumongo wezokwelapha. Le modeli isebenzisa ukufunda ngokubambisana, okuyithuluzi lokufunda elinamandla [11]. Ngenxa yokuthi i-SP isetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izikole zezokwelapha zase-US kanye nezikole eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe [12, 13], futhi izikole eziningi zezokwelapha zinezinhlelo zabafundi nabafundisi, le modeli inamandla okusetshenziswa kabanzi. Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuchaza le modeli yokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo yeqembu le-SPI-MS4 eyingqayizivele (Isithombe 1).
Incazelo emfushane yemodeli yokufunda ngokubambisana ye-MS4-SPI. I-MS4: I-SPI Yomfundi Wezokwelapha Wonyaka Wesine: Umqeqeshi Wesiguli Ojwayelekile;
Ukuxilongwa ngokomzimba okudingekayo (i-PDX) e-GWU kungenye yezingxenye zesifundo samakhono okwelapha ngaphambi kokubhalisa kwezokwelapha. Ezinye izingxenye: 1) Ukuhlanganiswa kwezokwelapha (izikhathi zamaqembu ezisekelwe kusimiso se-PBL); 2) Ingxoxo; 3) Ukuzivocavoca okwakhayo i-OSCE; 4) Ukuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha (ukusetshenziswa kwamakhono okwelapha ngodokotela abasebenzayo); 5) Ukuqeqesha ukuthuthukiswa kobungcweti; I-PDX isebenza ngamaqembu abafundi abangu-4-5 abasebenza eqenjini elifanayo le-SPI-MS4, behlangana izikhathi ezingu-6 ngonyaka amahora ama-3 lilinye. Usayizi wekilasi ungabafundi abangaba ngu-180, futhi unyaka ngamunye abafundi abaphakathi kuka-60 no-90 be-MS4 bakhethwa njengothisha bezifundo ze-PDX.
Ama-MS4 athola ukuqeqeshwa kothisha nge-TALKS (Teaching Knowledge and Skills) yethu yokukhetha othisha abasezingeni eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa ama-workshop ngezimiso zokufunda zabantu abadala, amakhono okufundisa, kanye nokunikeza impendulo [14]. Ama-SPI adlula ohlelweni lokuqeqeshwa olujulile olude olwakhiwe yi-CLASS Simulation Center Assistant Director (JO) yethu. Izifundo ze-SP zakhiwe ngeziqondiso ezithuthukiswe othisha ezifaka izimiso zokufunda kwabantu abadala, izitayela zokufunda, kanye nobuholi beqembu kanye nokukhuthaza. Ngokukhethekile, ukuqeqeshwa kwe-SPI kanye nokumiswa kwesimo kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana, kuqala ehlobo futhi kuqhubeke unyaka wonke wesikole. Izifundo zifaka phakathi indlela yokufundisa, ukuxhumana kanye nokuqhuba amakilasi; indlela isifundo esingena ngayo kulo lonke ikhosi; indlela yokunikeza impendulo; indlela yokuqhuba izivivinyo zomzimba nokuzifundisa abafundi. Ukuze kuhlolwe ikhono lohlelo, ama-SPI kumele aphumelele ukuhlolwa kokubekwa okwenziwa yilungu le-faculty le-SP.
I-MS4 kanye ne-SPI bahlanganyele futhi emhlanganweni weqembu wamahora amabili ndawonye ukuze bachaze izindima zabo ezihambisanayo ekuhleleni nasekusebenziseni ikharikhulamu nasekuhloleni abafundi abangena ekuqeqeshweni kwangaphambi kwenkonzo. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo salo mhlangano kwakuyimodeli ye-GRPI (imigomo, izindima, izinqubo kanye nezici zokuxhumana nabantu) kanye nombono kaMezirow wokufunda okuguqukayo (inqubo, izakhiwo kanye nokuqukethwe) wokufundisa imiqondo yokufunda exubile (eyengeziwe) [15, 16]. Ukusebenza ndawonye njengabafundisi ababambisene kuhambisana nemibono yokufunda yezenhlalo kanye neyokuhlangenwe nakho: ukufunda kudalwe ekushintshaneni komphakathi phakathi kwamalungu eqembu [17].
Uhlelo lwezifundo lwe-PDX luhlelwe ngokwemodeli ye-Core and Clusters (C+C) [18] yokufundisa i-PE ngokwesimo sokucabanga ngokwezokwelapha izinyanga ezingu-18, kanti uhlelo lwezifundo lweqembu ngalinye lugxile ezethulweni zeziguli ezijwayelekile. Abafundi bazoqala ngokufunda ingxenye yokuqala ye-C+C, ukuhlolwa kwemisipha yemibuzo engu-40 okuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zezitho. Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba okulula nokusebenzayo okungadingi kakhulu ingqondo kunokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwendabuko. Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kulungele ukulungiselela abafundi ulwazi lokuqala lwezokwelapha futhi kwamukelwa yizikole eziningi. Abafundi baqhubekela engxenyeni yesibili ye-C+C, i-Diagnostic Cluster, okuyiqembu le-H&Ps eliqhutshwa yi-hypothesis elihlelwe ngokwezethulo ezithile ezijwayelekile zezokwelapha ezenzelwe ukuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga ngokwezokwelapha. Ubuhlungu besifuba buyisibonelo sokubonakaliswa okunjalo kwezokwelapha (Ithebula 1). Ama-Clusters akhipha imisebenzi eyinhloko ekuhlolweni okuyinhloko (isb., i-auscultation eyisisekelo yenhliziyo) futhi engeza imisebenzi eyengeziwe, ekhethekile esiza ukuhlukanisa amakhono okuxilonga (isb., ukulalela imisindo eyengeziwe yenhliziyo endaweni ye-lateral decubitus). I-C+C ifundiswa esikhathini sezinyanga ezingu-18 futhi ikharikhulamu iyaqhubeka, abafundi baqale baqeqeshwe ezivivinyweni zomzimba eziyisisekelo ezingaba ngu-40 bese kuthi lapho sebekulungele, bangene emaqenjini, ngalinye libonisa ukusebenza kahle komtholampilo okumelela imodyuli yesistimu yezitho. Umfundi ubhekana nakho (isib. ubuhlungu besifuba kanye nokuphelelwa umoya ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula) (Ithebula 2).
Ukulungiselela inkambo ye-PDX, abafundi abasafunda ngaphambi kobudokotela bafunda izindlela ezifanele zokuxilonga (Isithombe 2) kanye nokuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba encwadini ye-PDX, incwadi yokuxilonga ngokomzimba, kanye namavidiyo achazayo. Isikhathi esiphelele esidingekayo kubafundi ukulungiselela le khosi cishe imizuzu engama-60-90. Kuhlanganisa ukufunda i-Cluster Packet (amakhasi ayi-12), ukufunda isahluko se-Bates (~amakhasi angama-20), kanye nokubuka ividiyo (imizuzu emi-2-6) [19]. Ithimba le-MS4-SPI liqhuba imihlangano ngendlela ehambisanayo besebenzisa ifomethi echazwe encwadini ye-(Ithebula 1). Baqala ngokuthatha isivivinyo somlomo (ngokuvamile imibuzo emi-5-7) ngolwazi lwangaphambi kweseshini (isb., iyini i-physiology kanye nokubaluleka kwe-S3? Yikuphi ukuxilongwa okusekela ukuba khona kwayo ezigulini ezinenkinga yokuphefumula?). Bese bebuyekeza izindlela zokuxilonga futhi basuse ukungabaza kwabafundi abangena ekuqeqeshweni kwangaphambi kokuphothula. Ingxenye esele yenkambo izivivinyo zokugcina. Okokuqala, abafundi abalungiselela ukuzijwayeza baprakthiza izivivinyo zomzimba komunye nomunye kanye naku-SPI futhi banikeze impendulo eqenjini. Ekugcineni, i-SPI yabanikeza isifundo secala ku-"Small Formative OSCE." Abafundi basebenze ngababili ukuze bafunde indaba futhi benze iziphetho ngemisebenzi ehlukanisayo eyenziwa ku-SPI. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokulingisa i-physics, abafundi abangakaphothuli babeka imibono futhi baphakamise ukuxilongwa okungenzeka kakhulu. Ngemuva kwesifundo, ithimba le-SPI-MS4 lahlola umfundi ngamunye labe selizihlola futhi lathola izindawo okufanele zithuthukiswe ekuqeqeshweni okulandelayo (Ithebula 1). Impendulo iyisici esibalulekile sesifundo. I-SPI ne-MS4 zinikeza impendulo yokwakha ngokushesha ngesikhathi seseshini ngayinye: 1) njengoba abafundi benza izivivinyo komunye nomunye naku-SPI 2) ngesikhathi se-Mini-OSCE, i-SPI igxila ku-mechanics kanye ne-MS4 igxile ekucabangeni kwezokwelapha; i-SPI ne-MS4 nazo zinikeza impendulo ebhaliwe ehlelekile ekupheleni kwesemester ngayinye. Le mpendulo ehlelekile ifakwa ohlelweni lokuphathwa kwemfundo yezokwelapha oluku-inthanethi ekupheleni kwesemester ngayinye futhi ithinta ibanga lokugcina.
Abafundi abalungiselela ama-internship babelane ngemicabango yabo ngolwazi olwenziwe yi-George Washington University Department of Assessment and Educational Research. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesikhombisa abafundi be-undergraduate bavumile noma bavuma ngokuqinile ukuthi inkambo yokuxilonga ngokomzimba yayiwusizo futhi yayihlanganisa imibono echazayo:
"Ngikholelwa ukuthi izifundo zokuxilonga umzimba ziyimfundo engcono kakhulu yezokwelapha; isibonelo, uma ufundisa ngokombono womfundi wonyaka wesine kanye nesiguli, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyahambisana futhi ziqiniswa yilokho okwenziwa ekilasini."
"I-SPI inikeza iseluleko esihle kakhulu ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza izinqubo futhi inikeza iseluleko esihle kakhulu ngezinto ezingavamile ezingase zibangele ukungakhululeki ezigulini."
"I-SPI ne-MS4 zisebenza kahle ndawonye futhi zinikeza umbono omusha ngokufundisa obaluleke kakhulu. I-MS4 inikeza ukuqonda ngezinhloso zokufundisa emisebenzini yezokwelapha."
"Ngingathanda ukuthi sihlangane kaningi. Lena yingxenye engiyithandayo yesifundo sezokwelapha futhi nginomuzwa wokuthi siphela ngokushesha kakhulu."
Phakathi kwabaphenduli, u-100% we-SPI (N=16 [100%]) kanye no-MS4 (N=44 [77%]) bathi ulwazi lwabo njengomfundisi we-PDX lwaluhle; u-91% no-93%, ngokulandelana, we-SPI kanye ne-MS4 bathi banokuhlangenwe nakho njengomfundisi we-PDX; ulwazi oluhle lokusebenza ndawonye.
Ukuhlaziywa kwethu kwekhwalithi kwemibono ye-MS4 ngalokho ababekwazisa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo njengothisha kuholele ezindikimbeni ezilandelayo: 1) Ukusebenzisa ithiyori yokufunda yabantu abadala: ukukhuthaza abafundi nokudala indawo yokufunda ephephile. 2) Ukulungiselela ukufundisa: ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezokwelapha, ukulindela imibuzo yabafundi abaqeqeshwayo, kanye nokubambisana ukuthola izimpendulo; 3) Ukulingisa ubungcweti; 4) Ukudlula okulindelwe: ukufika kusenesikhathi nokuhamba sekwephuzile; 5) Impendulo: ukubeka phambili impendulo ngesikhathi esifanele, enenjongo, eqinisayo neyakhayo; Nikeza abafundi izeluleko ngemikhuba yokufunda, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqedela izifundo zokuhlola umzimba, kanye nezeluleko zomsebenzi.
Abafundi beSisekelo bahlanganyela esivivinyweni sokugcina se-OSCE esinezingxenye ezintathu ekupheleni kwesemester yasentwasahlobo. Ukuze sihlole ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwethu, siqhathanise ukusebenza kwabafundi abaqeqeshwayo engxenyeni yefiziksi ye-OSCE ngaphambi nangemva kokuqaliswa kohlelo ngo-2010. Ngaphambi kuka-2010, othisha bezokwelapha be-MS4 bafundisa i-PDX kubafundi be-undergraduate. Ngaphandle konyaka wokuguquka ka-2010, siqhathanise izinkomba zentwasahlobo ze-OSCE zemfundo yomzimba ka-2007-2009 nezinkomba zika-2011-2014. Inani labafundi abahlanganyela ku-OSCE lalisukela ku-170 kuya ku-185 ngonyaka: abafundi abangu-532 eqenjini langaphambi kokungenelela kanye nabafundi abangu-714 eqenjini langemuva kokungenelela.
Amamaki e-OSCE avela ezivivinyweni zasentwasahlobo zika-2007-2009 kanye no-2011-2014 afingqwe, alinganiswa ngosayizi wesampula wonyaka. Sebenzisa amasampula ama-2 ukuqhathanisa i-GPA ehlanganisiwe yonyaka ngamunye wesikhathi esidlule ne-GPA ehlanganisiwe yesikhathi esidlule usebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-t. I-GW IRB yakhulula lolu cwaningo futhi yathola imvume yabafundi yokusebenzisa idatha yabo yezemfundo ngokungazi lutho ocwaningweni.
Isilinganiso samaphuzu okuhlolwa ngokomzimba sikhuphuke kakhulu sisuka ku-83.4 (SD=7.3, n=532) ngaphambi kohlelo saya ku-89.9 (SD=8.6, n=714) ngemuva kohlelo (isilinganiso soshintsho = 6, 5; 95% CI: 5.6 kuya ku-7.4; p<0.0001) (Ithebula 3). Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukuguquka kusuka ekufundiseni kuya kubasebenzi abangebona abafundisi kuhambisana nezinguquko kuhlelo lokufunda, umehluko kumaphuzu e-OSCE awunakuchazwa ngokucacile ngokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Imodeli yokufundisa yeqembu le-SPI-MS4 iyindlela entsha yokufundisa abafundi bezokwelapha ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwemfundo yomzimba ukuze balungiselele ukuchayeka emtholampilo kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kunikeza enye indlela ephumelelayo ngokugwema izithiyo ezihambisana nokubamba iqhaza kothisha. Kuphinde kunikeze inani elengeziwe eqenjini lokufundisa kanye nabafundi babo bangaphambi kokuzijwayeza: bonke bayazuza ekufundeni ndawonye. Izinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukudalula abafundi ngaphambi kokuzijwayeza imibono ehlukene kanye nezibonelo zokubambisana [23]. Imibono ehlukile etholakala ekufundeni ngokubambisana idala indawo yokwakha [10] lapho laba bafundi bethola khona ulwazi emithonjeni emibili: 1) i-kinesthetic - ukwakha amasu okuzivocavoca umzimba aqondile, 2) ukwakheka - ukwakha ukucabanga kokuxilonga. Ama-MS4 nawo ayazuza ekufundeni ngokubambisana, okubalungiselela umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo wezifundo ezahlukene nochwepheshe bezempilo abahlangene.
Imodeli yethu ihlanganisa nezinzuzo zokufunda kontanga [24]. Abafundi bangaphambi kokuzijwayeza bazuza ekuvumelaneni kwengqondo, indawo yokufunda ephephile, ukuxhumana nabantu kwe-MS4 kanye nokulingisa indima, kanye "nokufunda okubili" - kusukela ekufundeni kwabo kokuqala kanye nokwabanye; Baphinde babonise intuthuko yabo yobungcweti ngokufundisa ontanga abasebasha futhi basebenzise amathuba aholwa othisha ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa amakhono abo okufundisa nokuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lwabo lokufundisa lubalungiselela ukuba babe othisha abaphumelelayo ngokubaqeqesha ukusebenzisa izindlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
Izifundo zifundwe ngesikhathi kuqaliswa lo modeli. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubunzima bobudlelwano obuhlanganisa imikhakha phakathi kwe-MS4 ne-SPI, njengoba amanye ama-dyad engenalo ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi angasebenza kanjani ndawonye kangcono. Izindima ezicacile, izincwadi ezinemininingwane kanye nama-workshop eqembu abhekana ngempumelelo nalezi zinkinga. Okwesibili, ukuqeqeshwa okuningiliziwe kumele kunikezwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe imisebenzi yeqembu. Ngenkathi womabili amaqembu abafundisi kumele aqeqeshwe ukufundisa, i-SPI idinga nokuqeqeshwa ekutheni angenziwa kanjani amakhono okuhlolwa i-MS4 esivele iwazi. Okwesithathu, ukuhlela ngokucophelela kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesimiso esimatasa se-MS4 nokuqinisekisa ukuthi lonke iqembu likhona esimisweni ngasinye sokuhlola ngokomzimba. Okwesine, izinhlelo ezintsha kulindeleke ukuthi zibhekane nokuphikiswa okuvela kothisha nakubaphathi, ngezimpikiswano ezinamandla ezisekela ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko;
Ngamafuphi, imodeli yokufundisa yokuxilonga ngokomzimba ye-SPI-MS4 imelela ubuhlakani obuhlukile nobusebenzayo bezifundo lapho abafundi bezokwelapha bangafunda khona ngempumelelo amakhono omzimba kwabangebona odokotela abaqeqeshwe ngokucophelela. Njengoba cishe zonke izikole zezokwelapha e-United States kanye nezikole eziningi zezokwelapha zakwamanye amazwe zisebenzisa i-SP, futhi izikole eziningi zezokwelapha zinezinhlelo zabafundi nothisha, le modeli inamandla okusetshenziswa kabanzi.
Isethi yedatha yalolu cwaningo itholakala kuDkt. Benjamin Blatt, MD, uMqondisi we-GWU Study Center. Yonke idatha yethu yethulwe ocwaningweni.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-11-2024