Ngokwesiko, othisha bafundise ukuhlola ngokomzimba (PE) kwabasanda kufika kwezokwelashwa (abaqeqeshwayo), naphezu kwezinselele zokuqashwa kanye nezindleko, kanye nezinselele ngamasu ajwayelekile.
Siphakamisa imodeli esebenzisa amaqembu amisiwe abafundisi besiguli (ama-SPI) nabafundi bezokwelapha bonyaka wesine (MS4s) ukuze kufundiswe amakilasi emfundo yokuzivocavoca kubafundi bezempilo, basebenzisa ngokugcwele ukufunda okusizwa ontanga.
Uhlolovo lwabafundi be-pre-service, i-MS4 kanye nabafundi be-SPI luveze imibono emihle yohlelo, nabafundi be-MS4 ababika ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kobunikazi babo njengabafundisi.Ukusebenza kwabafundi abaprakthiza ngaphambili ezivivinyweni zamakhono omtholampilo zasentwasahlobo bekulingana noma kungcono kunokusebenza kontanga yabo yangaphambi kohlelo.
Ithimba le-SPI-MS4 lingakwazi ukufundisa ngempumelelo izitshudeni zezimfundamakhwela ubunjiniyela kanye nesisekelo somtholampilo sokuhlolwa komzimba kwabaqalayo.
Abafundi abasha bezokwelapha (abafundi bangaphambi kwezokwelapha) bafunda ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo komzimba (PE) ekuqaleni kwesikole sezokwelapha.Yenza amakilasi emfundo yokuzivocavoca yabafundi besikole sokulungiselela.Ngokwesiko, ukusetshenziswa kothisha nakho kunezinkinga, okungukuthi: 1) bayabiza;3) kunzima ukuqasha;4) kunzima ukuzimisa;5) ama-nuances angavela;amaphutha aphuthelwe futhi asobala [1, 2] 6) Angase angazazi izindlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe ebufakazini [3] 7) Angase abe nomuzwa wokuthi amakhono okufundisa ngemfundo yomzimba ayanele [4];
Amamodeli okuqeqeshwa okuphumelelayo okuzivocavoca athuthukiswe kusetshenziswa iziguli zangempela [5], abafundi abaphezulu bezokwelapha noma izakhamuzi [6, 7], kanye nabantu abavamile [8] njengabafundisi.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi wonke lawa mamodeli anento efanayo yokuthi ukusebenza kwabafundi ezifundweni zemfundo yokuvivinya umzimba akunciphi ngenxa yokungafakwa kothisha ukubamba iqhaza [5, 7].Kodwa-ke, othisha abavamile abanalo ulwazi esimweni somtholampilo [9], okubalulekile kubafundi ukuthi bakwazi ukusebenzisa idatha yezemidlalo ukuhlola imibono yokuxilonga.Ukuze kubhekwane nesidingo sokumiswa kanye nesimo somtholampilo ekufundiseni ngokomzimba, iqembu lothisha lengeze izivivinyo zokuxilonga eziqhutshwa yi-hypothesis ekufundiseni kwabo kwabafundi [10].Esikoleni Sezokwelapha saseGeorge Washington University (GWU), sibhekana nalesi sidingo ngokusebenzisa imodeli yamaqembu ajwayelekile othisha beziguli (ama-SPI) nabafundi bezokwelapha abaphezulu (MS4s).(Umfanekiso 1) I-SPI ihlanganiswe ne-MS4 ukuze ifundise i-PE kubaqeqeshwayo.I-SPI ihlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe kubumishini bokuhlolwa kwe-MS4 esimweni somtholampilo.Le modeli isebenzisa ukufunda ngokubambisana, okuyithuluzi lokufunda elinamandla [11].Ngenxa yokuthi i-SP isetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izikole zezokwelapha zase-US kanye nezikole eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe [12, 13], futhi izikole eziningi zezokwelapha zinezinhlelo zekhono labafundi, le modeli inamandla okusebenzisa kabanzi.Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuchaza le modeli eyingqayizivele yokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo yeqembu le-SPI-MS4 (Umfanekiso 1).
Incazelo emfushane yemodeli yokufunda yokuhlanganyela ye-MS4-SPI.I-MS4: Unyaka Wesine Womfundi Wezokwelapha I-SPI: Umfundisi Wesiguli Omisiwe;
Ukuxilongwa ngokomzimba okudingekayo (PDX) kwa-GWU kuyingxenye eyodwa yesifundo samakhono omtholampilo wangaphambi kokuba umabhalane kwezokwelapha.Ezinye izingxenye: 1) Ukuhlanganiswa komtholampilo (amaseshini eqembu asekelwe kumgomo we-PBL);2) Ingxoxo;3) Ukuzivocavoca okwakhayo OSCE;4) Ukuqeqeshwa komtholampilo (ukusetshenziswa kwamakhono omtholampilo ngodokotela abaqhuba);5) Ukuqeqesha ukuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe;I-PDX isebenza ngamaqembu abaqeqeshwayo abangu-4-5 abasebenza eqenjini elifanayo le-SPI-MS4, bahlangana izikhathi eziyisi-6 ngonyaka amahora ama-3 lilinye.Usayizi wekilasi cishe ungabafundi abayi-180, futhi unyaka ngamunye phakathi kuka-60 no-90 abafundi be-MS4 bakhethwa njengothisha bezifundo ze-PDX.
Ama-MS4 athola ukuqeqeshwa kothisha ngokusebenzisa i-TALKS (Ulwazi Lokufundisa Namakhono) ukukhetha kothisha okuthuthukisiwe, okuhlanganisa izinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi ngezimiso zokufunda kwabantu abadala, amakhono okufundisa, nokunikeza impendulo [14].Ama-SPI athola uhlelo lokuqeqesha olujulile lwe-longitudinal olwakhiwe uMqondisi Womsizi Wesikhungo Sokulingisa Se-CLASS (JO).Izifundo ze-SP zihlelwe ngokweziqondiso ezithuthukiswe othisha ezihlanganisa imigomo yokufunda kwabantu abadala, izitayela zokufunda, nobuholi beqembu kanye nogqozi.Ngokukhethekile, ukuqeqeshwa kwe-SPI nokumiswa kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbalwa, kuqala ehlobo futhi kuqhubeke unyaka wonke wesikole.Izifundo zihlanganisa indlela yokufundisa, ukuxhumana kanye nokuqhuba amakilasi;ukuthi isifundo singena kanjani kuso sonke isifundo;indlela yokunikeza impendulo;indlela yokwenza izivivinyo zomzimba futhi uzifundise abafundi.Ukuze kuhlolwe amandla ohlelo, ama-SPI kufanele aphumelele ukuhlolwa kokubeka okulawulwa yilungu lobuhlakani be-SP.
I-MS4 kanye ne-SPI baphinde babamba iqhaza emhlanganweni wokucobelelana ngolwazi wamahora amabili ndawonye ukuze bachaze izindima zabo ezihambisanayo ekuhleleni nasekusebenziseni ikharikhulamu nokuhlola abafundi abangena ukuqeqeshwa ngaphambi kokungena emsebenzini.Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo seshabhu kwakuyimodeli ye-GRPI (izinhloso, izindima, izinqubo kanye nezici zokusebenzisana nabantu) kanye nethiyori ka-Mezirow yokufunda okuguquguqukayo (inqubo, izakhiwo kanye nokuqukethwe) yokufundisa imiqondo yokufunda ehlukahlukene (eyengeziwe) [15, 16].Ukusebenza ndawonye njengothisha osebenzisana nabo kuhambisana nemibono yokufunda yezenhlalo neyokuhlangenwe nakho: ukufunda kudalwe ekuhwebeni komphakathi phakathi kwamalungu eqembu [17].
Ikharikhulamu ye-PDX yakhelwe ngemodeli ye-Core and Clusters (C+C) [18] yokufundisa i-PE esimweni sokubonisana ngomtholampilo phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18, ikharikhulamu yeqoqo ngalinye igxile ezethulweni ezijwayelekile zesiguli.Abafundi bazoqale bafunde ingxenye yokuqala ye-C+C, ukuhlolwa kwemoto okuyimibuzo engu-40 okuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zezitho.Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kuwukuhlolwa komzimba okwenziwe lula futhi okusebenzayo okungakhokhisi intela kancane ngokwengqondo kunokuhlola okuvamile okujwayelekile.Izivivinyo eziyinhloko zilungele ukulungiselela abafundi ulwazi lomtholampilo lwangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zamukelwa izikole eziningi.Abafundi babe sebedlulela engxenyeni yesibili ye-C+C, i-Diagnostic Cluster, okuyiqembu lama-H&P aqhutshwa yi-hypothesis elihlelwe ngokuzungeza izethulo ezithile zomtholampilo eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga emtholampilo.Ubuhlungu besifuba yisibonelo sokubonakaliswa okunjalo komtholampilo (Ithebula 1).Amaqoqo akhipha imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuhlolweni okuyisisekelo (isb., ukuguqulwa kwenhliziyo okuyisisekelo) futhi engeza imisebenzi eyengeziwe, ekhethekile esiza ukuhlukanisa amakhono okuxilonga (isb., ukulalela imisindo yenhliziyo eyengeziwe endaweni ye-decubitus engemuva).I-C+C ifundiswa isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyi-18 futhi ikharikhulamu iyaqhubeka, abafundi baqale baqeqeshwe cishe ezivivinyweni eziyinhloko zezimoto ezingaba ngu-40 bese kuthi lapho sebelungile, bahambe babe ngamaqembu, ngalinye libonisa ukusebenza komtholampilo okumelele imojula yesistimu yezitho.okuhlangenwe nakho komfundi (isb., ubuhlungu besifuba kanye nokuphelelwa umoya ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa kwenhliziyo) (Ithebula 2).
Ukulungiselela isifundo se-PDX, abafundi abangaphambi kobudokotela bafunda izinqubo ezifanele zokuxilonga (Umfanekiso 2) nokuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba kumanuwali ye-PDX, incwadi yokuxilonga ngokomzimba, namavidiyo achazayo.Isikhathi esiphelele esidingekayo ukuze abafundi balungiselele isifundo cishe imizuzu engama-60-90.Kuhlanganisa ukufunda i-Cluster Packet (amakhasi ayi-12), ukufunda isahluko se-Bates (~20 amakhasi), nokubukela ividiyo (imizuzu engu-2–6) [19].Ithimba le-MS4-SPI liqhuba imihlangano ngendlela engaguquki lisebenzisa ifomethi eshiwo kubhukwana (Ithebula 1).Baqale bahlole ukuhlolwa komlomo (imvamisa imibuzo emi-5-7) olwazini lwangaphambi kweseshini (isb, iyini i-physiology kanye nokubaluleka kwe-S3? Ikuphi ukuxilongwa okusekela ukuba khona kwayo ezigulini ezinokuphefumula?).Bese bebuyekeza izinqubo zokuxilonga futhi basule ukungabaza kwabafundi abangena ekuqeqesheni ngaphambi kokuthweswa iziqu.Okusele kwesifundo izivivinyo zokugcina.Okokuqala, abafundi abalungiselela ukuzilolonga bazijwayeza ukuvivinya umzimba komunye nomunye naku-SPI futhi banikeze impendulo eqenjini.Ekugcineni, i-SPI yabanikeza isifundo sesifundo se-"Small Formative OSCE."Abafundi basebenze ngababili ukuze bafunde indaba futhi bacabangele imisebenzi yokucwasa eyenziwa ku-SPI.Bese-ke, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokulingisa i-physics, abafundi abangaphambi kweziqu babeka phambili imibono futhi baphakamise ukuxilongwa okungenzeka kakhulu.Ngemva kwesifundo, ithimba le-SPI-MS4 lahlola umfundi ngamunye lase lizihlola futhi lahlonza izindawo okufanele zithuthukiswe ekuqeqeshweni okulandelayo (Ithebula 1).Impendulo iyingxenye ebalulekile yesifundo.I-SPI ne-MS4 zinikeza impendulo eyakhayo lapho undiza ngesikhathi seseshini ngayinye: 1) njengoba abafundi benza izivivinyo komunye nomunye naku-SPI 2) phakathi ne-Mini-OSCE, i-SPI igxile kumakhenikha futhi i-MS4 igxile ekucabangeni komtholampilo;I-SPI ne-MS4 iphinde inikeze impendulo ehlelekile ebhaliwe efinyeziwe ekupheleni kwesemester ngayinye.Le mpendulo esemthethweni ifakwa ku-rubrikhi yesistimu yokuphatha imfundo yezokwelapha eku-inthanethi ekupheleni kwesemester ngayinye futhi ithinta ibanga lokugcina.
Abafundi abalungiselela ama-internship babelane ngemicabango yabo ngokuhlangenwe nakho ocwaningweni olwenziwe uMnyango Wokuhlola Nokucwaninga Kwezemfundo eNyuvesi yaseGeorge Washington.Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesikhombisa abafundi abathola iziqu avuma ngokuqinile noma avuma ukuthi isifundo sokuxilonga ngokomzimba sasibalulekile futhi sasihlanganisa namazwana achazayo:
“Ngikholelwa ukuthi izifundo zokuxilonga umzimba ziyimfundo yezokwelapha engcono kakhulu;isibonelo, uma ufundisa ngokombono womfundi kanye nesiguli sonyaka wesine, izinsizakusebenza zibalulekile futhi ziqiniswa yilokho okwenziwa ekilasini.
"I-SPI inikeza iseluleko esihle kakhulu mayelana nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza izinqubo futhi inikeza iseluleko esihle kakhulu ngama-nuances angabangela ukungakhululeki ezigulini."
“I-SPI ne-MS4 zisebenzisana kahle futhi zinikeza umbono omusha wokufundisa obaluleke kakhulu.I-MS4 inikeza ukuqonda ngezinhloso zokufundisa ekusebenzeni komtholampilo.
“Ngingathanda ukuthi sihlangane kaningi.Lena ingxenye engiyithandayo yezifundo zezokwelapha futhi nginomuzwa wokuthi ziphela ngokushesha kakhulu.”
Phakathi kwabaphendulile, u-100% we-SPI (N=16 [100%]) kanye ne-MS4 (N=44 [77%]) bathi ulwazi lwabo njengomfundisi we-PDX lwaluhle;U-91% no-93%, ngokulandelana, wama-SPI kanye nama-MS4 bathi banolwazi njengomfundisi we-PDX;isipiliyoni esihle sokusebenza ndawonye.
Ukuhlaziywa kwethu kwekhwalithi yemibono ye-MS4 yalokho ababekuqakathekisa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo njengothisha kubangele lezi zihloko ezilandelayo: 1) Ukusebenzisa ithiyori yokufunda yabadala: ukugqugquzela abafundi nokudala indawo yokufunda ephephile.2) Ukulungiselela ukufundisa: ukuhlela isicelo esifanelekile somtholampilo, ukulindela imibuzo yabaqeqeshwayo, nokuhlanganyela ukuthola izimpendulo;3) Ukumodela ubungcweti;4) Ukweqa okulindelwe: ukufika ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokuhamba sekwephuzile;5) Impendulo: beka phambili impendulo ngesikhathi, ephusile, eqinisayo neyakhayo;Nikeza abaqeqeshwayo ngezeluleko mayelana nemikhuba yokufunda, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqedela izifundo zokuhlola ngokomzimba, nezeluleko zomsebenzi.
Abafundi beSisekelo babamba iqhaza esivivinyweni sokugcina se-OSCE esiyizingxenye ezintathu ekupheleni kwesemester yasentwasahlobo.Ukuze sihlole ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwethu, siqhathanise ukusebenza kwabafundi abaqeqeshwayo engxenyeni yefiziksi ye-OSCE ngaphambi nangemuva kokwethulwa kohlelo ngo-2010. Ngaphambi kuka-2010, othisha bodokotela be-MS4 bafundise i-PDX kubafundi abenza iziqu.Ngaphandle konyaka wenguquko ka-2010, siqhathanise izinkomba zentwasahlobo ze-OSCE zezemfundo yezomzimba zika-2007–2009 nezinkomba zika-2011–2014.Isibalo sabafundi ababambe iqhaza ku-OSCE sisuka ku-170 saya ku-185 ngonyaka: abafundi abangama-532 eqenjini lokungenelela kanye nabafundi abangama-714 eqenjini lokungenelela.
Izikolo ze-OSCE ezivela ezivivinyweni zasentwasahlobo zango-2007-2009 kanye nezi-2011-2014 ziyafingqwa, zikalwa ngosayizi wesampula wonyaka.Sebenzisa amasampuli angu-2 ukuze uqhathanise i-GPA eqongelelekayo yonyaka ngamunye wenkathi edlule ne-GPA eqongelelekayo yenkathi yakamuva usebenzisa i-t-test.I-GW IRB ikhiphe lolu cwaningo futhi yathola imvume yabafundi yokusebenzisa ngokungaziwa idatha yabo yezemfundo ocwaningweni.
Isilinganiso sengxenye yokuhlolwa komzimba sikhuphuke kakhulu sisuka ku-83.4 (SD=7.3, n=532) ngaphambi kohlelo saya ku-89.9 (SD=8.6, n=714) ngemva kohlelo (ushintsho olusho = 6, 5; 95% CI: 5.6 kuya 7.4; p<0.0001) (Ithebula 3).Kodwa-ke, njengoba uguquko olusuka ekufundiseni luye kubasebenzi abangafundisi luqondana nezinguquko ohlelweni lwezifundo, umehluko wezikolo ze-OSCE awukwazi ukuchazwa ngokucacile ngokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Imodeli yokufundisa yeqembu le-SPI-MS4 iyindlela entsha yokufundisa abafundi bezokwelapha ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwemfundo yomzimba ukuze balungiselele ukuchayeka emtholampilo kusenesikhathi.Lokhu kunikeza enye indlela ephumelelayo ngokweqa izithiyo ezihlobene nokubamba iqhaza kothisha.Iphinde inikeze inani elingeziwe ethimbeni lothisha nabafundi babo abaphrakthiza: bonke bayazuza ngokufunda ndawonye.Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukudalula abafundi ngaphambi kokuzijwayeza emibonweni eyahlukene kanye namamodeli wokusebenzisana [23].Imibono ehlukile etholakala ekufundeni ngokubambisana yakha indawo ye-constructivist [10] lapho laba bafundi bezuza khona ulwazi emithonjeni emibili: 1) i-kinesthetic - ukwakha amasu okuvivinya umzimba anembile, 2) okokwenziwa - ukwakha ukucabanga kokuxilonga.Ama-MS4 aphinde azuze ekufundeni ngokubambisana, ukuwalungiselela umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo wezinhlaka ezahlukene nochwepheshe bezempilo abambisene.
Imodeli yethu ihlanganisa nezinzuzo zokufunda kontanga [24].Abafundi bangaphambi kokuprakthiza bayazuza ekuqondaneni kwengqondo, indawo yokufunda ephephile, ukuhlalisana kwe-MS4 nokulingisa indima ethile, “nokufunda okukabili”—kusukela ekufundeni kwabo kokuqala kanye nokwabanye;Baphinde bakhombise ukukhula kwabo ngokomsebenzi ngokufundisa ontanga abasebasha futhi basebenzise amathuba aholwa nguthisha ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa amakhono abo okufundisa nezivivinyo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kokufundisa kubalungiselela ukuba babe abafundisi abaphumelelayo ngokubaqeqeshela ukusebenzisa izindlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
Kufundwe izifundo ngesikhathi kuqaliswa lo modeli.Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela inkimbinkimbi yobudlelwano bezinhlaka ezahlukene phakathi kwe-MS4 ne-SPI, njengoba amanye amadyadi entula ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi kusetshenzwa kanjani kangcono.Izindima ezicacile, amamanyuwali anemininingwane kanye nemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi yamaqembu ibhekana ngempumelelo nalezi zinkinga.Okwesibili, ukuqeqeshwa okuningiliziwe kufanele kuhlinzekwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe imisebenzi yeqembu.Nakuba womabili amasethi abafundisi kufanele aqeqeshelwe ukufundisa, i-SPI nayo idinga ukuqeqeshwa endleleni yokwenza amakhono okuhlolwa i-MS4 asewazi kahle.Okwesithathu, ukuhlela ngokucophelela kuyadingeka ukuze kuhambisane neshejuli ematasa ye-MS4 futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lonke ithimba likhona esimisweni ngasinye sokuhlola somzimba.Okwesine, izinhlelo ezintsha kulindeleke ukuthi zibhekane nokuphikiswa okuthile okuvela kubuhlakani nabaphathi, kube nezimpikiswano ezinamandla ezivuna ukonga izindleko;
Kafushane, imodeli yokufundisa ngokuxilonga ngokomzimba ye-SPI-MS4 imele ukuqaliswa kwekharikhulamu eyingqayizivele nesebenzayo lapho abafundi bezokwelapha bengafunda ngempumelelo amakhono okuvivinya umzimba kwabangewona odokotela abaqeqeshwe ngokucophelela.Njengoba cishe zonke izikole zezokwelapha e-United States kanye nezikole eziningi zezokwelapha zakwamanye amazwe zisebenzisa i-SP, futhi izikole eziningi zezokwelapha zinezinhlelo zabafundi, le modeli inamandla okusebenzisa kabanzi.
Idathasethi yalolu cwaningo itholakala kuDkt. Benjamin Blatt, MD, uMqondisi we-GWU Study Centre.Yonke idatha yethu yethulwa ocwaningweni.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-11-2024