Ngokwesiko, othisha bafundise ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba (i-PE) kubafiki bezokwelapha (abaqeqeshwayo), naphezu kwezinselelo ngokuqasha kanye nezindleko, kanye nezinselelo ngamasu ajwayelekile.
Siphakamisa imodeli esebenzisa amaqembu ajwayelekile wabafundisi beziguli (i-SPI) kanye nonyaka wezokwelapha wezokwelapha (ama-MS4) ukufundisa amakilasi ezemfundo ngokomzimba kubafundi be-Premorical, basebenzise ngokugcwele ukufundelwa kontanga kanye nontanga.
Ucwaningo lwenkonzo yangaphambi, izitshudeni ze-MS4 ne-SPI lwembula imibono emihle yohlelo, abafundi be-MS4 ababika ukuthuthuka okukhulu ebulilini babo njengothisha. Ukusebenza kwangaphambi kokuzijwayeza izivivinyo zamakhono entwasahlobo kwakulingana noma kungcono kunokusebenza kwabo kwangaphambi kohlelo.
Iqembu le-SPI-MS4 lingafundisa ngempumelelo abafundi be-novice the mechanics kanye nesisekelo sokwelashwa sokuhlolwa ngokomzimba kwe-novice.
Abafundi abasha bezokwelapha (abafundi bakwa-Pre-Medical) bafunda ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo ngokomzimba (pe) ekuqaleni kwesikole sezokwelapha. Yenza amakilasi emfundo emzimbeni wabafundi bezikole abalungiselela. Ngokwesiko, ukusetshenziswa kothisha nakho kunesiphithiphithi, okungukuthi: 1) bayabiza; 3) Kunzima ukuqasha; 4) Kunzima ukuqinisa; 5) Kungavela ama-nuances; Amaphutha alahlekile futhi asobala [1, 2] 6) Kwangathi angazazi izindlela ezisekelwe ekufundiseni [3] 7) angazizwa sengathi amakhono okufundisa ngokomzimba awanele [4];
Amamodeli wokuqeqesha ophumelelayo wokuzivocavoca athuthukisiwe esebenzisa iziguli zangempela [5], abafundi abaphezulu bezokwelapha noma izakhamizi [6, 7], futhi babeka abantu [8] njengabafundisi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi wonke la mamodeli afana nokuthi ukusebenza kwabafundi ezifundweni zezemfundo ngokomzimba akunciphisi ngenxa yokubandakanywa kothisha [5, 7]. Kodwa-ke, othisha abanawo othi abanasipiliyoni esimweni somtholampilo [9], okubalulekile ukuthi abafundi bakwazi ukusebenzisa idatha ye-athletic ukuhlola ama-hypotheses atholakalayo. Ukubhekana nesidingo sokuma okujwayelekile kanye nomongo wezempilo ekufundisweni kwezemfundo ngokomzimba, iqembu lothisha lengeze izivivinyo zokuxilonga eziqhutshwa yi-hypothesis. E-George Washington University (GWU) isikole sezokwelapha, sikhuluma ngalesi sidingo ngemodeli yamaqembu ajwayelekile othisha beziguli (i-SPI) kanye nabafundi abaphezulu bezokwelapha (MS4S). (Umdwebo 1) I-SPI ibhangqiwe ne-MS4 ukufundisa abaqeqeshwayo. I-SPI ihlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe kumakhenikha wokuhlolwa kwe-MS4 esimweni somtholampilo. Le modeli isebenzisa ukufundelwa ngokubambisana, okuyithuluzi elinamandla lokufunda [11]. Ngoba i-SP isetshenziswa cishe zonke izikole zonke zezokwelapha zase-US kanye nezikole eziningi zamazwe omhlaba [12, 13], kanye nezikole eziningi zezokwelapha zinezinhlelo zobungcweti zabafundi, le modeli inamandla ohlelo lokusebenza olubanzi. Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuchaza le modeli yokuqeqeshwa ye-SPI-MS-MS-MS4 ye-SPI-MS4 eyingqayizivele (Umdwebo 1).
Incazelo emfushane yemodeli yokufunda ye-MS4-SPI ngokubambisana. I-MS4: Ngonyaka wesine wezokwelapha i-SPI yezokwelapha: Umfundisi wesineke ojwayelekile;
Ukuxilongwa ngokomzimba okudingekayo (i-PDX) eGWU yingxenye eyodwa ye-Pre-Clerkship Clinical Course Courcine yezokwelapha. Ezinye izakhi: 1) Ukuhlanganiswa kwemitholampilo (amaseshini weqembu asuselwa kumgomo we-PBL); 2) Ingxoxo; 3) Ukuzivocavoca okwakhayo kwe-osce; 4) ukuqeqeshwa kwemitholampilo (ukusetshenziswa kwamakhono emitholampilo ngokwenza odokotela); 5) ukuqeqeshwa kwentuthuko yobungcweti; I-PDX isebenza ngamaqembu abaqeqeshi abangu-4-5 abasebenza eqenjini elifanayo le-SPI-MS4, okuhlangana amahlandla ayi-6 ngonyaka amahora amathathu lilinye. Usayizi weklasi ucishe abe abafundi abangu-180, futhi unyaka ngamunye phakathi kwabafundi abangama-60 no-90 bakwa-MS4 bakhethwa njengabafundisi bezifundo ze-PDX.
Ama-MS4 athola ukuqeqeshwa kothisha ngezinkulumo zethu (ulwazi lokufundisa namakhono) Ukukhetha okuthuthukile kothisha, okubandakanya ama-workshop ezimisweni zokufunda kwabantu abadala, amakhono okufundisa kanye nokunikeza impendulo [14]. I-SPI ithola uhlelo olubanzi lokuqeqeshwa olude oluthuthukiswe nguMqondisi Wezokusiza Sokusiza I-Class Simulation Center (Jo). Izifundo ze-SP zihlelwe ngokuzungeza imihlahlandlela ethuthukiswe uthisha ezibandakanya izimiso zokufunda kwabantu abadala, izitayela zokufunda, kanye nobuholi beqembu nokugqugquzelwa. Ngokukhethekile, ukuqeqeshwa kwe-SPI nokujwayelekile kwenzeka ezigabeni eziningana, kuqala ehlobo nasekuqhubekeni konyaka wesikole. Izifundo zibandakanya indlela yokufundisa, ukuxhumana kanye nokuziphatha amakilasi; Isifundo silingana kanjani kulo lonke isifundo; Ungasinikeza kanjani impendulo; Ungaziphatha Kanjani Ukuzivocavoca Komzimba futhi Ufundise Abafundi. Ukuhlola ikhono lohlelo, i-SPI kumele idlulise ukuhlolwa kokubekwa okulawulwa yilungu le-SP PUPUCTUAL.
I-MS4 ne-SPI baphinde babamba iqhaza kwi-workshop yeqembu lamahora amabili ndawonye ukuchaza izindima zabo ezihambisanayo ekuhleleni nasekuqaliseni ikharikhulamu nokuhlola abafundi abafaka ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphambi kokusebenza. Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwe-workshop kwakuyimodeli ye-GRPI (izinhloso, izindima, izinqubo kanye nezinto zokuxhumana) kanye nombono we-mezirow) kanye ne-meshirow's theory of transformational (inqubo, izakhiwo nokuqukethwe) ukufundisa imiqondo yokufunda (eyengeziwe) [15, 16]. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana njengoba othisha abasebenza nabo bahambisana nemibono yokufunda yezenhlalo nangomfanisa: Ukufunda kudalwe ekushintshanisweni kwezenhlalo phakathi kwamalungu eqembu [17].
Ikharikhulamu ye-PDX ihlelwe ngokuzungeza imodeli eyinhloko nangokuhlanza (C + c) ukuze ifundise i-PE esimweni sokubonisana kwemitholampilo ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-18, ngekharikhulamu ngayinye yeqembu eligxile kwizifutho ezijwayelekile zeziguli. Abafundi baqale ukutadisha ingxenye yokuqala ka-C + C, ukuhlolwa kwezimoto okubuza imibuzo engama-40 okuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zezitho. Ukuhlolwa kwesisekelo kungukuhlolwa okwenziwe lula futhi okusebenzayo okungakhokhiswa intela ngokungakhethi kunokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwendabuko. Izivivinyo zeCore zilungele ukulungiselela abafundi ngolwazi lwakuqala lwezomtholampilo futhi zamukelwa yizikole eziningi. Abafundi Bese beqhubekela phambili engxenyeni yesibili ka-C + C, i-Diagnostic Cluster, okuyiqembu le-Hypothesis-aqhutshwa i-H & PS ehlelwe ngezethulo ezithile ezijwayelekile ezenzelwe ukuthuthukisa amakhono okubonisana emtholampilo. Ubuhlungu besifuba buyisibonelo sokubonakaliswa komtholampilo okunjalo (ithebula 1). Amaqoqo akhipha imisebenzi eyinhloko evela ekuhlolweni okuyisisekelo (isib I-C + C ifundiswa isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyi-18 kanti ikharikhulamu iyaqhubeka, kanye nabafundi baqala ukuqeqeshwa ezivivinyweni ezingaba ngu-40 eziyisisekelo, lapho sebekulungele, bahambisa amandla emtholampilo abamele imodyuli yohlelo lwe-Orgal. Umfundi uhlangabezana (isib. Ubuhlungu besifuba kanye nokufushane komoya ngesikhathi se-CardiorSpiratory Blockade) (Ithebula 2).
Ukulungiselela i-PDX Course, abafundi bangaphambi kobudokotela bafunda izimiso ezifanele zokuxilonga (Umdwebo 2) kanye nokuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba ku-PDX Manual, Ukuhlonza Ukuxilongwa Kwemvelo, kanye namavidiyo aqondayo. Isikhathi esiphelele esidingekayo ukuze abafundi balungiselele inkambo cishe imizuzu engama-60-90. Kubandakanya ukufunda iphakethe le-cluster (amakhasi ayi-12), ukufunda i-Bates isahluko (~ amakhasi angama-20), nokubuka ividiyo (imizuzu engu-2-6) [19]. Iqembu le-MS4-SPI liqhuba imihlangano ngendlela engaguquki sisebenzisa ifomethi echazwe kubhukwana (Ithebula 1). Baqala ukuthatha isivivinyo somlomo (imvamisa imibuzo engu-5-7) ngolwazi lwangaphambi kwesikhathi (isib., Yini i-physiology kanye nokubaluleka kwe-S3? Ukuxilongwa okusekela ubukhona bayo ezigulini?). Base bebukezela izimiso zokuxilonga futhi basula ukungabaza kwabafundi okufaka ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphambi kokuthweswa iziqu. Izinsalela zezifundo ziyindlela yokugcina yokugcina. Okokuqala, abafundi abalungiselela ukuzijwayeza ukuzivivinya komzimba komunye nomunye naku-SPI futhi banikeze impendulo eqenjini. Ekugcineni, i-spi yabethula ngocwaningo lwecala "ekuthini okuncane okungumuntu osce." Abafundi basebenze ngababili ukufunda le ndaba futhi benze ukucabanga ngemisebenzi yokubandlululwa okwenziwe kwi-SPI. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokuya ngemiphumela yokulingiswa kwe-physics, abafundi abathweswe iziqu babeka ama-hypotheses futhi bahlongoze ukuxilongwa okukhulu kakhulu. Ngemuva kwesifundo, iqembu le-SPI-MS4 lahlola umfundi ngamunye bese liqhuba ukuzihlola nezindawo ezihlonziwe zokwenza ngcono ukuqeqeshwa okulandelayo (Ithebula 1). Impendulo iyinto ebalulekile yezifundo. I-SPI ne-MS4 zihlinzeka ngempendulo eyakhekayo e-The-Fly I-SPI ne-MS4 ziphinde zinikeze impendulo ebhalwe ngokusemthethweni esemthethweni ekugcineni kwesemester ngayinye. Le mpendulo ehlelekile ifakwa kwi-rubric ye-inthanethi yokuphathwa kwezemfundo yezokwelapha ekugcineni kwesemester ngayinye futhi ithinta ibanga lokugcina.
Abafundi abalungiselela ama-internship babelane ngemicabango yabo ngokuhlangenwe nakho ocwaningweni olwenziwe nguMnyango Wokuhlola Nocwaningo lwe-George Washington University. Amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nesikhombisa abafundi abasebenza ngaphansi kweziqu avuma ngokuqinile noma bavuma ukuthi inkambo yokuxilonga ngokomzimba yayibalulekile futhi ifakwe amazwana achazayo:
"Ngikholwa ukuthi izifundo zokuxilonga ngokomzimba ziyimfundo engcono kakhulu yezokwelapha; Isibonelo, lapho ufundisa ngokombono womfundi weminyaka yesine kanye nesiguli, izinto zokwakha zifanelekile futhi ziqiniswe yilokho okwenziwa ekilasini.
"I-SPI ihlinzeka ngeseluleko esihle kakhulu ngezindlela ezingokoqobo zokwenza izinqubo futhi ihlinzeka ngezeluleko ezinhle kakhulu ngama-nuances angadala ukungahambi kahle ezigulini."
"I-SPI ne-MS4 zisebenza kahle ndawonye futhi zinikeze umbono omusha ngokufundisa okubaluleke kakhulu. I-MS4 ihlinzeka ngokuqonda ezinhlosweni zokufundisa ngomtholampilo.
"Ngifisa ukuthi sihlangane kaningi. Le yingxenye engiyithandayo yenkambo yokuzijwayeza yezokwelapha futhi ngibona sengathi iphela ngokushesha okukhulu. "
Phakathi kwabaphenduli, i-100% ye-SPI (N = 16%]) kanye ne-MS4 (n = 44 [77%]) bathi ulwazi lwabo njengomfundisi we-PDX bebehle; 91% no-93%, ngokulandelana, kwe-SPI kanye nama-MS4s bathi banolwazi njengomfundisi we-PDX; okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kokusebenza ndawonye.
Ukuhlaziywa kwethu okufanelekile kwemibono ye-MS4 yalokho abakuthandayo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo njengoba othisha bahole ezingcini ezilandelayo: 1) Ukuqalisa umbono wokufunda kwabantu abadala: Ukugqugquzela abafundi ngokuphepha. 2) Ukulungiselela ukufundisa: Ukuhlela uhlelo lwemitholampilo olufanele lwezempilo, okulindele imibuzo yokuqeqeshwa, futhi kusebenzisana nokuthola izimpendulo; 3) ukumodela ubuchwepheshe; 4) okulindelwe okudlula: ukufika kusenesikhathi nokusuka sekwephuzile; 5) Impendulo: Phukani kuqala impendulo efika ngesikhathi, enenjongo futhi eqinisayo; Nikeza abafundi ngezeluleko ngemikhuba yokutadisha, yeka ukuthi kungcono kanjani ukuqeda izifundo zokuhlola umzimba, kanye nezeluleko zomsebenzi.
Abafundi baseSisekelo babamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kokugcina okungama-Osce okungamamitha amathathu ekugcineni kwesemester yasentwasahlobo. Ukuhlola ukusebenza kohlelo lwethu, siqhathanisa nokusebenza kwabafundi baseFiziksi kwingxenye ye-OSCE ngaphambi nangemva kokwethulwa kohlelo ngonyaka ka-2010. Ngaphambi kothingo ka-2010, othisha be-MS4 Physidian bafundisa abafundi beziqu. Ngaphandle konyaka wenguquko ka-2010, siqhathanisa izinkomba zentwasahlobo ze-OSCE zemfundo yomzimba ka-2007-2009 ngezinkomba zika-2011-2014. Isibalo sabafundi ababambe iqhaza e-Osce sisuka ku-170 saya ku-185 ngonyaka: Abafundi abangama-532 eqenjini langaphambi kokungenelela kanye nabafundi abangama-714 eqenjini lePosi elingenelele.
Izikolo ze-OSCE ezivela ku-2007-2009 no-2011-2014 izivivinyo zentwasahlobo zifingqiwe, zinesisindo ngosayizi wesampula waminyaka yonke. Sebenzisa amasampula ama-2 ukuqhathanisa i-GPA okuqongelelayo yonyaka ngamunye wesikhathi esedlule nge-GPA eqongekile yesikhathi sakamuva usebenzisa i-T-Test. I-GW IRB ikhiphe lolu cwaningo futhi yathola imvume yabafundi yokusebenzisa ngokungaziwa idatha yabo yezifundo esifundweni.
Isibalo sendawo yokuhlola ngokomzimba sikhuphuke kakhulu kusuka ku-83.4 (SD = 7.3, n = 532) ngaphambi kohlelo olungu-89.9 (SD = 814) ngemuva kohlelo (i-6, 5; 95% CI: n = 5; 7.4; P <0.0001) (Ithebula 3). Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukuguqulwa kusuka ekufundiseni abasebenzi abangafundisi kuhambisana nezinguquko kwikharikhulamu, umehluko ezikolo ze-OSCE ngeke kuchazwe ngokucacile yi-Innovation.
Imodeli yokufundisa yeqembu le-SPI-MS4 ye-SPI-MS4 yindlela yokufundisa yokufundisa ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwezemfundo ngokomzimba kubafundi bezokwelapha ukuze bazilungiselele ukuvezwa komtholampilo. Lokhu kunikeza enye indlela ephumelelayo ngokugwema izithiyo ezihlotshaniswa nokubamba iqhaza othisha. Iphinde inikeze inani elingeziwe eqenjini lokufundisa kanye nabafundi balo bangaphambi kokuzijwayeza: Bonke bazuza ngokufunda ndawonye. Izinzuzo zifaka ukuveza abafundi ngaphambi kokuzijwayeza ekuhlolweni okuhlukile kanye namamodeli wokusebenzisana [23]. Eminye imibono ehlukile ekufundeni ngokubambisana yakha indawo yokuqalisa [10] lapho laba bafundi bethola ulwazi emithonjeni embaxambili: 1) I-Kinesthetic - amasu aqondile wokuzivocavoca umzimba, 2) zokwakha. Ama-MS4s nawo azuza ekufundeni ngokubambisana, abalungiselela umsebenzi wokuphazamisa okuzayo nabasebenza ngezempilo abahlangane nabo.
Imodeli yethu ifaka nezinzuzo zokufunda kontanga [24]. Abafundi bangaphambi kokuzijwayeza bayazuza ekuqondaneni kwengqondo, indawo ephephile yokufunda, i-MS4 Socialion kanye ne-Modeling Modeling, kanye "nokufunda okubili - okuvela kubo kokuqala nokufunda kwabo kokuqala nokwabanye; Baphinde bakhombise ukuthuthukiswa kwabo ochwepheshe ngokufundisa ontanga abancane futhi basebenzise amathuba aholwa othisha ukuthuthukisa nokwenza ngcono amakhono abo okufundisa namakhono okuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isipiliyoni sabo sokufundisa sibalungiselela ukuba babe abafundisi abaphumelelayo ngokuziqeqesha ukuze basebenzise izindlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
Izifundo zafundwa ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwale modeli. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubunzima obuyinkimbinkimbi bobudlelwano obuphakathi kwe-MS4 ne-SPI, njengoba amanye ama-dyads aswele ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi usebenza kangcono kanjani. Sula izindima, amabhukwana anemininingwane kanye nama-workshops eqembu ngempumelelo. Okwesibili, ukuqeqeshwa okuningiliziwe kufanele kunikezwe ukwengeza imisebenzi yeqembu. Ngenkathi womabili la masethi wabafundisi kumele aqeqeshelwe ukufundisa, i-SPI nayo idinga ukuqeqeshwa ekwenzeni amakhono okuhlola ukuthi i-MS4 isivele yalwazi kahle. Okwesithathu, ukuhlela ngokucophelela kuyadingeka ukwamukela uhlelo lwe-MS4 olumatasa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu lonke likhona esifundweni ngasinye sokuhlola umzimba. Okwesine, izinhlelo ezintsha kulindeleke ukuthi zibhekane nokuphikiswa okuthile kwi-Faculty kanye Nezokuphatha, ngezimpikiswano eziqinile zithanda ukusebenza kwezindleko;
Ngokufingqa, imodeli yokufundisa ye-SPI-MS4 ye-SPI-MS4 ebonakalayo imele uhlelo oluyingqayizivele futhi olusebenzayo olusebenzayo lapho abafundi bezokwelapha bengafunda ngempumelelo amakhono angokomzimba. Kusukela cishe zonke izikole zezokwelapha e-United States kanye nezikole eziningi zezokwelapha zakwamanye amazwe zisebenzisa izikole eziningi zezokwelapha zinezinhlelo zobungcweti, le modeli inamandla okufaka isicelo esibanzi.
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Isikhathi sePosi: Meyi-11-2024