Amamodeli e-anatomical aphrintiwe ngobubanzi obuthathu (ama-3DPAM) abonakala eyithuluzi elifanele ngenxa yenani lawo lemfundo kanye nokwenzeka kwawo. Inhloso yalokhu kubuyekezwa ukuchaza nokuhlaziya izindlela ezisetshenziswa ukudala i-3DPAM yokufundisa i-anatomy yomuntu nokuhlola umnikelo wayo wokufundisa.
Kwenziwe usesho lwe-elekthronikhi e-PubMed kusetshenziswa amagama alandelayo: imfundo, isikole, ukufunda, ukufundisa, ukuqeqeshwa, ukufundisa, imfundo, enobukhulu obuthathu, i-3D, enobukhulu obuthathu, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukwakheka komzimba, ukwakheka komzimba, kanye nokwakheka komzimba. . Okutholakele kwakuhlanganisa izici zokutadisha, ukwakheka kwemodeli, ukuhlolwa kokwakheka komzimba, ukusebenza kwezemfundo, amandla kanye nobuthakathaka.
Phakathi kwezihloko ezingu-68 ezikhethiwe, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezifundo ezigxile esifundeni se-cranial (izihloko ezingu-33); izihloko ezingu-51 zikhuluma ngokunyatheliswa kwamathambo. Ezihlokweni ezingu-47, i-3DPAM yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe ku-computed tomography. Izinqubo zokunyathelisa ezinhlanu zibhalwe ohlwini. Amapulasitiki kanye nezinto eziphuma kuzo zisetshenziswe ezifundweni ezingu-48. Umklamo ngamunye usukela ku-$1.25 kuya ku-$2,800. Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ziqhathanise i-3DPAM namamodeli okubhekisela. Izihloko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zihlole imisebenzi yezemfundo. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ikhwalithi yokubona nokuthinta, ukusebenza kahle kokufunda, ukuphindaphindwa, ukwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nokuguquguquka, ukonga isikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-anatomy esebenzayo, amakhono angcono okujikeleza kwengqondo, ukugcina ulwazi kanye nokwaneliseka kothisha/umfundi. Iziphazamiso eziyinhloko zihlobene nomklamo: ukuhambisana, ukuntuleka kwemininingwane noma ukucaca, imibala ekhanya kakhulu, izikhathi zokunyathelisa ezinde kanye nezindleko eziphezulu.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kukhombisa ukuthi i-3DPAM iyasebenza futhi iyasebenza ekufundiseni i-anatomy. Amamodeli angokoqobo adinga ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D obubizayo kanye nezikhathi zokuklama ezinde, okuzokhulisa kakhulu izindleko zizonke. Isihluthulelo ukukhetha indlela efanele yokuthwebula izithombe. Ngokombono wokufundisa, i-3DPAM iyithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokufundisa i-anatomy, elinomthelela omuhle emiphumeleni yokufunda kanye nokwaneliseka. Umphumela wokufundisa we-3DPAM ungcono kakhulu uma uphinda uveza izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-anatomy futhi abafundi bayisebenzisa ekuqaleni kokuqeqeshwa kwabo kwezokwelapha.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezidumbu zezilwane kuye kwenziwa kusukela eGrisi lasendulo futhi kungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokufundisa i-anatomy. Ukususwa kwezidumbu okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo kusetshenziswa ohlelweni lwezifundo lwethiyori lwabafundi bezokwelapha baseyunivesithi futhi okwamanje kubhekwa njengendinganiso yegolide yokufunda i-anatomy [1,2,3,4,5]. Kodwa-ke, kunezithiyo eziningi ekusetshenzisweni kwezibonelo zezidumbu zabantu, okubangela ukusesha amathuluzi amasha okuqeqesha [6, 7]. Amanye ala mathuluzi amasha afaka phakathi i-augmented reality, amathuluzi edijithali, kanye nokunyathelisa kwe-3D. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kwakamuva kukaSantos et al. [8] Ngokuphathelene nenani lalezi zobuchwepheshe ezintsha zokufundisa i-anatomy, ukunyathelisa kwe-3D kubonakala kungenye yezinsiza ezibaluleke kakhulu, kokubili ngokwenani lemfundo kubafundi kanye nangokuphathelene nokwenzeka kokusetshenziswa [4,9,10].
Ukuphrinta kwe-3D akukusha. Amalungelo obunikazi okuqala ahlobene nalobu buchwepheshe aqala ngo-1984: A Le Méhauté, O De Witte kanye no-JC André eFrance, kanye namasonto amathathu kamuva C Hull e-USA. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe buqhubeke nokukhula futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuye kwanda ezindaweni eziningi. Isibonelo, i-NASA yanyathelisa into yokuqala ngale koMhlaba ngo-2014 [11]. Insimu yezokwelapha nayo yamukele leli thuluzi elisha, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa isifiso sokuthuthukisa umuthi womuntu siqu [12].
Abalobi abaningi babonise izinzuzo zokusebenzisa amamodeli e-anatomical aprintiwe nge-3D (3DPAM) emfundweni yezokwelapha [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Lapho kufundiswa nge-anatomy yomuntu, kudingeka amamodeli angewona awe-pathological kanye navamile ngokwe-anatomy. Okunye ukubuyekezwa kuhlole amamodeli okuqeqeshwa kwe-pathological noma kwezokwelapha/kokuhlinzwa [8, 20, 21]. Ukuze sakhe imodeli ehlanganisiwe yokufundisa nge-anatomy yomuntu ehlanganisa amathuluzi amasha njengokunyathelisa nge-3D, senze ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile ukuchaza nokuhlaziya ukuthi izinto eziprintiwe nge-3D zidalwe kanjani ukuze kufundiswe nge-anatomy yomuntu nokuthi abafundi bahlola kanjani ukusebenza kahle kokufunda besebenzisa lezi zinto ze-3D.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi okuhlelekile kwenziwa ngoJuni 2022 ngaphandle kwemingcele yesikhathi kusetshenziswa iziqondiso ze-PRISMA (Izinto Zokubika Ezikhethwayo Zokubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile kanye Nokuhlaziywa Kwe-Meta) [22].
Izindlela zokufaka zonke zaziyiphepha locwaningo elisebenzisa i-3DPAM ekufundiseni/ekufundeni komzimba. Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi, izincwadi, noma izihloko ezigxile kumamodeli e-pathological, amamodeli ezilwane, amamodeli ezinto zakudala, kanye namamodeli okuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha/ukuhlinzwa akhishwe. Kukhethwe izihloko ezishicilelwe ngesiNgisi kuphela. Izihloko ezingenazo izifinyezo ezitholakalayo eziku-inthanethi zakhishwa. Izihloko ezazihlanganisa amamodeli amaningi, okungenani elilodwa lawo elalijwayelekile ngokomzimba noma elaline-pathology encane engathinti inani lokufundisa, zafakwa.
Kwenziwe usesho lwezincwadi kusizindalwazi se-elekthronikhi i-PubMed (i-National Library of Medicine, i-NCBI) ukuthola izifundo ezifanele ezanyatheliswa kuze kube uJuni 2022. Sebenzisa amagama okusesha alandelayo: imfundo, isikole, ukufundisa, ukufundisa, ukufunda, ukufundisa, imfundo, enezinhlangothi ezintathu, i-3D, i-3D, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, i-anatomy, i-anatomy, i-anatomy kanye ne-anatomy. Kwenziwe umbuzo owodwa: (((education[Isihloko/Isifinyezo] NOMA isikole[Isihloko/Isifinyezo] NOMA ukufunda[Isihloko/Isifinyezo] NOMA ukufundisa[Isihloko/Isifinyezo] NOMA ukuqeqeshwa[Isihloko/Isifinyezo] NOMA i-OEach[Isihloko/Isifinyezo]] NOMA iMfundo [Isihloko/Isifinyezo]) NOMA (Ubukhulu Obuthathu [Isihloko] NOMA i-3D [Isihloko] NOMA i-3D [Isihloko])) NOMA (Phrinta [Isihloko] NOMA Phrinta [Isihloko] NOMA Phrinta [Isihloko])) NOMA (I-Anatomy) [Isihloko] ]/isifinyezo] noma i-anatomy [isihloko/isifinyezo] noma i-anatomy [isihloko/isifinyezo] noma i-anatomy [isihloko/isifinyezo]). Izihloko ezengeziwe zitholwe ngokusesha ngesandla isizindalwazi se-PubMed nokubuyekeza izinkomba zezinye izihloko zesayensi. Akukho mingcele yosuku esetshenzisiwe, kodwa kwasetshenziswa isihlungi "somuntu".
Zonke izihloko nezifinyezo ezitholiwe zihlolwe ngokumelene nemibandela yokufakwa kanye nokukhishwa ngababhali ababili (i-EBR ne-AL), futhi noma yiluphi ucwaningo olungahlangabezani nazo zonke izindlela zokufaneleka aluzange lukhishwe. Izincwadi ezigcwele zezifundo ezisele zithathwe futhi zabuyekezwa ngababhali abathathu (i-EBR, i-EBE ne-AL). Uma kudingeka, ukungavumelani ekukhetheni izihloko kuxazululwe ngumuntu wesine (LT). Izincwadi ezihlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela zokufakwa zifakiwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa.
Ukukhishwa kwedatha kwenziwe ngokuzimela ngababhali ababili (i-EBR ne-AL) ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombhali wesithathu (i-LT).
- Idatha yokuklama imodeli: izifunda ze-anatomical, izingxenye ezithile ze-anatomical, imodeli yokuqala yokuphrinta kwe-3D, indlela yokuthola, isofthiwe yokuhlukanisa kanye nokulingisa, uhlobo lwephrinta ye-3D, uhlobo lwezinto kanye nobuningi, isikali sokuphrinta, umbala, izindleko zokuphrinta.
- Ukuhlolwa kwesimo samamodeli: amamodeli asetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kochwepheshe/othisha, inani labahloli, uhlobo lokuhlola.
- Ukufundisa imodeli ye-3D: ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwabafundi, indlela yokuhlola, inani labafundi, inani lamaqembu okuqhathanisa, ukuhlelwa ngokungahleliwe kwabafundi, imfundo/uhlobo lomfundi.
Izifundo ezingu-418 zitholakale ku-MEDLINE, kanti izihloko ezingu-139 zakhishwa yi-"human" filter. Ngemva kokubukeza izihloko nezifinyezo, izifundo ezingu-103 zakhethwa ukuze zifundwe umbhalo ogcwele. Izihloko ezingu-34 zakhishwa ngoba zaziyizibonelo ze-pathological (izihloko ezingu-9), amamodeli okuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha/ukuhlinzwa (izihloko ezingu-4), amamodeli ezilwane (izihloko ezingu-4), amamodeli e-3D radiological (isihloko esingu-1) noma kwakungezona izihloko zesayensi zokuqala (izahluko ezingu-16). ). Ingqikithi yezihloko ezingu-68 yafakwa ekubuyekezweni. Isibalo 1 sibonisa inqubo yokukhetha njengeshadi lokugeleza.
Ishadi lokugeleza elifingqa ukuhlonza, ukuhlola, kanye nokufakwa kwezindatshana kulokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile
Zonke izifundo zanyatheliswa phakathi kuka-2014 no-2022, kanye nonyaka wokushicilelwa omaphakathi ka-2019. Phakathi kwezihloko ezingu-68 ezifakiwe, izifundo ezingu-33 (49%) zazichaza futhi zihlola, ezingu-17 (25%) zazihlola kuphela, kanti ezingu-18 (26%) zazihlola kuphela. Zichaza kuphela. Ezifundweni zokuhlola ezingu-50 (73%), ezingu-21 (31%) zisebenzise ukungahleliwe. Izifundo ezingu-34 kuphela (50%) zazihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo. Ithebula 1 lifingqa izici zesifundo ngasinye.
Izihloko ezingu-33 (48%) zihlole indawo ekhanda, izihloko ezingu-19 (28%) zihlole indawo yesifuba, izihloko ezingu-17 (25%) zihlole indawo yesisu, kanye nezihloko ezingu-15 (22%) zihlole imilenze. Izihloko ezingamashumi amahlanu nanye (75%) zikhulume ngamathambo aprintiwe nge-3D njengamamodeli e-anatomical noma amamodeli e-anatomical anezicucu eziningi.
Ngokuphathelene namamodeli noma amafayela omthombo asetshenziswe ukuthuthukisa i-3DPAM, izihloko ezingu-23 (34%) zikhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwedatha yesiguli, izihloko ezingu-20 (29%) zikhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwedatha yesidumbu, kanti izihloko ezingu-17 (25%) zikhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwezizindalwazi.
Izifundo ezingu-47 (69%) zakha i-3DPAM ngokusekelwe ku-computed tomography, kanti izifundo ezingu-3 (4%) zabika ukusetshenziswa kwe-microCT. Izihloko ezingu-7 (10%) zaveza izinto ze-3D zisebenzisa ama-optical scanner, izihloko ezingu-4 (6%) zisebenzisa i-MRI, kanye nesihloko esingu-1 (1%) sisebenzisa amakhamera nama-microscope. Izihloko ezingu-14 (21%) azikhulumanga ngomthombo wamafayela omthombo womklamo wemodeli ye-3D. Amafayela e-3D adalwe ngesisombululo sendawo esimaphakathi esingaphansi kuka-0.5 mm. Isixazululo esifanelekile singama-30 μm [80] kanti isinqumo esiphezulu singama-1.5 mm [32].
Kwasetshenziswa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe ezingamashumi ayisithupha ezahlukene (ukuhlukanisa, ukwenza amamodeli, ukuklama noma ukuphrinta). I-Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) yayisetshenziswa kakhulu (izifundo eziyi-14, 21%), ilandelwa yi-MeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (izifundo eziyi-13, 19%), i-Geomagic (3D System, MO, NC, Leesville). (izifundo eziyi-10, 15%), i-3D Slicer (Slicer Developer Training, Boston, MA) (izifundo eziyi-9, 13%), i-Blender (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (izifundo eziyi-8, 12%) kanye ne-CURA (Geldemarsen, Netherlands) (izifundo eziyi-7, 10%).
Kukhulunywa ngamamodeli ahlukene angamashumi ayisithupha nesikhombisa ephrinta kanye nezinqubo zokunyathelisa ezinhlanu. Ubuchwepheshe be-FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) busetshenziswe emikhiqizweni engu-26 (38%), ukuqhumisa izinto emikhiqizweni engu-13 (19%) kanye nokuqhumisa i-binder (imikhiqizo engu-11, 16%). Ubuchwepheshe obungasetshenziswa kakhulu yi-sterolithography (SLA) (izihloko ezi-5, 7%) kanye ne-selective laser sintering (SLS) (izihloko ezi-4, 6%). Iphrinta esetshenziswa kakhulu (izihloko ezi-7, 10%) yi-Connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
Lapho kucaciswa izinto ezisetshenziswa ukwenza i-3DPAM (izihloko ezingu-51, 75%), izifundo ezingu-48 (71%) zasebenzisa amapulasitiki kanye nezinto eziphuma kuwo. Izinto eziyinhloko ezisetshenzisiwe kwakuyi-PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), i-resin (n = 9, 13%) kanye ne-ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (izinhlobo ezingu-7, 10%). Izihloko ezingu-23 (34%) zahlola i-3DPAM eyenziwe ngezinto eziningi, izihloko ezingu-36 (53%) zaveza i-3DPAM eyenziwe ngezinto eyodwa kuphela, kanti izihloko ezingu-9 (13%) azizange zichaze izinto.
Izihloko ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye (43%) zibike izilinganiso zokuphrinta ezisukela ku-0.25:1 kuya ku-2:1, ngesilinganiso esingu-1:1. Izihloko ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu (37%) zisebenzise isilinganiso esingu-1:1. Ama-3DPAM angu-28 (41%) ayenemibala eminingi, kanti angu-9 (13%) adayiwe ngemva kokuphrinta [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Izihloko ezingamashumi amathathu nane (50%) zikhulume ngezindleko. Izihloko ezingu-9 (13%) zikhulume ngezindleko zamaphrinta e-3D nezinto zokusetshenziswa. Intengo yamaphrinta isukela ku-$302 kuya ku-$65,000. Uma kucacisiwe, amanani amamodeli asukela ku-$1.25 kuya ku-$2,800; lokhu okweqile kufana namasampula amathambo [47] kanye namamodeli e-retroperitoneal athembekile kakhulu [48]. Ithebula 2 lifingqa idatha yamamodeli yocwaningo ngalunye olufakiwe.
Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa (54%) ziqhathanise i-3DAPM nemodeli yokubhekisela. Phakathi kwalezi zifundo, isiqhathanisi esivame kakhulu kwakuyimodeli yokubhekisela ye-anatomical, esetshenziswe ezihlokweni eziyi-14 (38%), amalungiselelo e-plastined ezihlokweni eziyi-6 (16%), amalungiselelo e-plastined ezihlokweni eziyi-6 (16%). Ukusetshenziswa kweqiniso elingokoqobo, i-computed tomography imaging i-3DPAM eyodwa ezihlokweni ezi-5 (14%), enye i-3DPAM ezihlokweni ezi-3 (8%), imidlalo engathi sína esihlokweni esi-1 (3%), ama-radiograph esihlokweni esi-1 (3%), amamodeli ebhizinisi esihlokweni esi-1 (3%) kanye neqiniso elingeziwe esihlokweni esi-1 (3%). Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nane (50%) zihlole i-3DPAM. Izifundo eziyishumi nanhlanu (48%) zichaze okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalingani ngokuningiliziwe (Ithebula 3). I-3DPAM yenziwe odokotela abahlinzayo noma odokotela ababekhona ezifundweni ezi-7 (47%), ochwepheshe be-anatomical ezifundweni ezi-6 (40%), abafundi ezifundweni ezi-3 (20%), othisha (isifundo esingachazwanga) ezifundweni ezi-3 (20%) zokuhlola kanye nomunye umhloli esihlokweni (7%). Inani elimaphakathi labahloli lingu-14 (ubuncane obungu-2, ubuningi obungu-30). Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu (49%) zihlole isimo se-3DPAM ngokwekhwalithi, kanti izifundo eziyi-10 (15%) zihlole isimo se-3DPAM ngokwekhwalithi. Ezifundweni ezingama-33 ezisebenzise ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, eziyi-16 zisebenzise ukuhlolwa okuchazayo kuphela (48%), izivivinyo/izilinganiso/izinhlolovo eziyi-9 (27%), kanti eziyi-8 zisebenzise izikali ze-Likert (24%). Ithebula 3 lifingqa ukuhlolwa kwesimo samamodeli esifundweni ngasinye esifakiwe.
Izihloko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu (48%) zihlole futhi zaqhathanisa ukusebenza kahle kokufundisa i-3DPAM kubafundi. Kulezi zifundo, izihloko ezingu-23 (70%) zihlole ukwaneliseka kwabafundi, ezingu-17 (51%) zisebenzise izikali ze-Likert, kanti ezingu-6 (18%) zisebenzise ezinye izindlela. Izihloko ezingamashumi amabili nambili (67%) zihlole ukufunda kwabafundi ngokuhlolwa kolwazi, lapho ezingu-10 (30%) zisebenzise izivivinyo zangaphambi kokuhlolwa kanye/noma izivivinyo zangemuva kokuhlolwa. Izifundo eziyishumi nanye (33%) zisebenzise imibuzo nezivivinyo zokukhetha okuningi ukuhlola ulwazi lwabafundi, kanti izifundo ezinhlanu (15%) zisebenzise ukulebula izithombe/ukuhlonza umzimba. Isilinganiso sabafundi abangu-76 bahlanganyele ocwaningweni ngalunye (ubuncane obungu-8, ubuncane obungu-319). Izifundo ezingamashumi amabili nane (72%) zazineqembu lokulawula, lapho ezingu-20 (60%) zisebenzise ukungahleliwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ucwaningo olulodwa (3%) lwabela ngokungahleliwe amamodeli okwakheka komzimba kubafundi abayi-10 abahlukene. Ngokwesilinganiso, amaqembu angu-2.6 aqhathaniswa (ubuncane obungu-2, ubuncane obungu-10). Izifundo ezingamashumi amabili nantathu (70%) zazihilela abafundi bezokwelapha, lapho abangu-14 (42%) babengabafundi bezokwelapha bonyaka wokuqala. Izifundo eziyisithupha (18%) zazihilela izakhamuzi, abafundi bamazinyo abangu-4 (12%), kanye nabafundi besayensi abangu-3 (9%). Izifundo eziyisithupha (18%) zasebenzisa futhi zahlola ukufunda okuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa i-3DPAM. Ithebula 4 lifingqa imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle kokufundisa kwe-3DPAM kwesifundo ngasinye esifakiwe.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ezibikwe ngababhali ngokusebenzisa i-3DPAM njengethuluzi lokufundisa lokwakheka komzimba womuntu ojwayelekile yizici ezibonakalayo nezithintayo, okuhlanganisa ubuqiniso [55, 67], ukunemba [44, 50, 72, 85], kanye nokuguquguquka kokuvumelana [34, 45]. , 48, 64], umbala kanye nokucaca [28, 45], ukuqina [24, 56, 73], umphumela wezemfundo [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], izindleko [27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], ukuphindaphindeka [80], amathuba okuthuthukiswa noma ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], ikhono lokulawula abafundi [30, 49], ukonga isikhathi sokufundisa [61, 80], ukulula kokugcina [61], ikhono lokuhlanganisa i-anatomy esebenzayo noma ukudala izakhiwo ezithile [51, 53], 67], ukwakheka okusheshayo kwamathambo amamodeli [81], ikhono lokudala amamodeli ndawonye bese uwayisa ekhaya [49, 60, 71], ukuthuthukisa amakhono okujikeleza kwengqondo [23] kanye nokugcina ulwazi [32], kanye nakuthisha [25, 63] kanye nokwaneliseka kwabafundi [25, 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Izinkinga eziyinhloko zihlobene nomklamo: ukuqina [80], ukungaguquguquki [28, 62], ukuntuleka kwemininingwane noma ukucaca [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], imibala ekhanya kakhulu [45]. kanye nobuthakathaka bephansi [71]. Ezinye izinkinga zifaka phakathi ukulahleka kolwazi [30, 76], isikhathi eside esidingekayo sokuhlukanisa izithombe [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], isikhathi sokuphrinta [57, 63, 66, 67], ukuntuleka kokuguquguquka komzimba [25], kanye nezindleko . Okuphezulu [48].
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kufingqa izihloko ezingu-68 ezishicilelwe eminyakeni engu-9 futhi kugqamisa intshisekelo yomphakathi wesayensi ku-3DPAM njengethuluzi lokufundisa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu ojwayelekile. Isifunda ngasinye sokwakheka komzimba safundwa futhi sanyatheliswa nge-3D. Kulezi zihloko, izihloko ezingu-37 ziqhathanise i-3DPAM namanye amamodeli, kanti izihloko ezingu-33 zihlole ukubaluleka kokufundisa kwe-3DPAM kubafundi.
Njengoba kunikezwe umehluko ekwakhiweni kwezifundo zokunyathelisa ze-anatomical 3D, asikubonanga kufanelekile ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta okwanyatheliswa ngo-2020 kwakugxile kakhulu ekuhlolweni kolwazi lwe-anatomical ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa ngaphandle kokuhlaziya izici zobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe zokuklama nokukhiqizwa kwe-3DPAM [10].
Isifunda sekhanda yisona esifundwa kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngoba ubunzima bokwakheka kwaso kwenza kube nzima kubafundi ukuveza lesi sifunda sokwakheka komzimba endaweni enezinhlangothi ezintathu uma kuqhathaniswa nezitho noma umzimba. I-CT iyindlela yokuthwebula esetshenziswa kakhulu. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezokwelapha, kodwa inesisombululo esilinganiselwe sendawo kanye nokungafani okuphansi kwezicubu ezithambile. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kwenza ama-CT scan angafaneleki ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokwakheka kwesimiso sezinzwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-computed tomography ifaneleka kangcono ukuhlukaniswa/ukwakheka kwezicubu zamathambo; Ukungafani kwezicubu zamathambo/ezithambile kusiza ukuqedela lezi zinyathelo ngaphambi kwamamodeli okwakheka komzimba okunyatheliswa nge-3D. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-microCT ibhekwa njengobuchwepheshe bokubhekisela ngokwesinqumo sendawo ekuthathweni kwezithombe zamathambo [70]. Ama-optical scanner noma i-MRI angasetshenziswa futhi ukuthola izithombe. Ukulungiswa okuphezulu kuvimbela ukushelela kwezindawo zamathambo futhi kulondoloza ubuqili bezakhiwo zokwakheka komzimba [59]. Ukukhetha imodeli nakho kuthinta isinqumo sendawo: isibonelo, amamodeli okwenziwa ngepulasitiki anesinqumo esiphansi [45]. Abaklami bezithombe kufanele bakhe amamodeli e-3D angokwezifiso, okwandisa izindleko ($25 kuya ku-$150 ngehora) [43]. Ukuthola amafayela e-.STL asezingeni eliphezulu akwanele ukudala amamodeli e-anatomical asezingeni eliphezulu. Kuyadingeka ukunquma amapharamitha okuphrinta, njengokuqondiswa kwemodeli ye-anatomical epuletini lokuphrinta [29]. Abanye ababhali basikisela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta obuthuthukisiwe njenge-SLS kufanele busetshenziswe noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kwe-3DPAM [38]. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-3DPAM kudinga usizo lochwepheshe; ochwepheshe abafunwa kakhulu onjiniyela [72], ochwepheshe be-radiology, [75], abaklami bezithombe [43] kanye nososayensi be-anatomical [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
Isofthiwe yokuhlukanisa kanye nokwakha amamodeli yizici ezibalulekile ekutholeni amamodeli anembile okwakheka komzimba, kodwa izindleko zala maphakheji esofthiwe kanye nobunzima bawo kuphazamisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Izifundo eziningana ziqhathanise ukusetshenziswa kwamaphakheji esofthiwe ahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta, ziqokomisa izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kobuchwepheshe ngabunye [68]. Ngaphezu kwesofthiwe yokwenza amamodeli, isofthiwe yokuphrinta ehambisana nephrinta ekhethiwe nayo iyadingeka; abanye ababhali bakhetha ukusebenzisa ukuphrinta kwe-3D okuku-inthanethi [75]. Uma kunyatheliswa izinto ze-3D ezanele, ukutshalwa kwezimali kungaholela ekubuyiselweni kwezimali [72].
Ipulasitiki yiyona nto esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ububanzi bayo bokwakheka nemibala kwenza kube yinto ekhethwayo ye-3DPAM. Abanye ababhali baye bancoma amandla ayo aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli endabuko e-cadaveric noma e-plastinated [24, 56, 73]. Amanye amapulasitiki anezakhiwo zokugoba noma zokwelula. Isibonelo, i-Filaflex enobuchwepheshe be-FDM inganwebeka kuze kufike ku-700%. Abanye ababhali bayibheka njengento ekhethwayo yokuphindaphinda imisipha, i-tendon kanye ne-ligament [63]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifundo ezimbili ziphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokuqondiswa kwefayibha ngesikhathi sokuphrinta. Eqinisweni, ukuqondiswa kwefayibha yemisipha, ukufakwa, innervation, kanye nomsebenzi kubalulekile ekubunjweni kwemisipha [33].
Ngokumangalisayo, zimbalwa izifundo ezikhuluma ngesilinganiso sokunyathelisa. Njengoba abantu abaningi bebheka isilinganiso esingu-1:1 njengesijwayelekile, umbhali kungenzeka ukuthi ukhethe ukungakhulumi ngaso. Nakuba ukwandisa kungaba wusizo ekufundeni okuqondisiwe emaqenjini amakhulu, ukukwazi ukwandisa akubhekwanga, ikakhulukazi ngokukhula kosayizi beklasi kanye nobukhulu bomzimba bemodeli kuyisici esibalulekile. Yiqiniso, izikali zobukhulu obugcwele zenza kube lula ukuthola nokuxhumana ngezakhi ezahlukahlukene zomzimba esigulini, okungachaza ukuthi kungani zivame ukusetshenziswa.
Kumaphrinta amaningi atholakala emakethe, lawo asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PolyJet (i-inkjet yezinto ezibonakalayo noma ezihlanganisiwe) ukuhlinzeka ngemibala kanye nokuphrinta okuphezulu okunezingqimba eziningi (ngakho-ke okunezingqimba eziningi) kubiza phakathi kuka-US$20,000 no-US$250,000 (https: //www.aniwaa.com/). Le ndleko ephezulu inganciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwe-3DPAM ezikoleni zezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwezindleko zephrinta, izindleko zezinto ezidingekayo zokuphrinta i-inkjet ziphakeme kunezamaphrinta e-SLA noma e-FDM [68]. Amanani amaphrinta e-SLA noma e-FDM nawo angabizi kakhulu, asukela ku-€576 kuya ku-€4,999 ezihlokweni ezibalwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa. Ngokusho kukaTripodi nozakwabo, ingxenye ngayinye yamathambo ingaphrintwa ngo-US$1.25 [47]. Izifundo eziyishumi nanye ziphethe ngokuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D kushibhile kune-plasticization noma amamodeli ezentengiselwano [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa mamodeli ezentengiselwano aklanyelwe ukunikeza ulwazi lwesiguli ngaphandle kwemininingwane eyanele yokufundisa nge-anatomy [80]. Lawa mamodeli ezentengiselwano abhekwa njengaphansi kune-3DPAM [44]. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta obusetshenzisiwe, izindleko zokugcina zilingana nesilinganiso ngakho-ke usayizi wokugcina we-3DPAM [48]. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, isikali sosayizi ogcwele siyathandwa [37].
Ucwaningo olulodwa kuphela oluqhathanise i-3DPAM namamodeli e-anatomical atholakala kwezentengiselwano [72]. Amasampula esidumbu yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqhathaniseni i-3DPAM. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwawo, amamodeli esidumbu ahlala eyithuluzi eliwusizo lokufundisa i-anatomy. Kumelwe kwenziwe umehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kwesidumbu, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nethambo elomile. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuqeqeshwa, izifundo ezimbili zibonise ukuthi i-3DPAM yayisebenza kahle kakhulu kunokuhlukaniswa kwe-plastinated [16, 27]. Ucwaningo olulodwa luqhathanise ihora elilodwa lokuqeqeshwa kusetshenziswa i-3DPAM (uhlangothi oluphansi) nehora elilodwa lokuhlukaniswa kwesifunda esifanayo se-anatomical [78]. Kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili zokufundisa. Kungenzeka ukuthi kunocwaningo oluncane ngalesi sihloko ngoba ukuqhathanisa okunjalo kunzima ukukwenza. Ukuhlukaniswa kuwukulungiselela okuthatha isikhathi kubafundi. Ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka amahora amaningi okulungiselela, kuye ngokuthi yini elungiselelwayo. Ukuqhathanisa okwesithathu kungenziwa ngamathambo omile. Ucwaningo lukaTsai noSmith luthole ukuthi amaphuzu okuhlolwa ayengcono kakhulu eqenjini elisebenzisa i-3DPAM [51, 63]. UChen nozakwabo baphawule ukuthi abafundi abasebenzisa amamodeli e-3D benze kangcono ekuboneni izakhiwo (izinkakha), kodwa bekungekho mehluko kumaphuzu e-MCQ [69]. Ekugcineni, uTanner nozakwabo babonise imiphumela engcono yangemva kokuhlolwa kuleli qembu besebenzisa i-3DPAM ye-pterygopalatine fossa [46]. Amanye amathuluzi okufundisa amasha atholakale kulokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. Okuvame kakhulu phakathi kwawo yi-augmented reality, i-virtual reality kanye nemidlalo engathi sína [43]. Ngokusho kukaMahrous nozakwabo, ukukhetha amamodeli e-anatomical kuncike enanini lamahora abafundi abadlala ngawo imidlalo yevidiyo [31]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkinga enkulu yamathuluzi okufundisa e-anatomy amasha impendulo ye-haptic, ikakhulukazi kumathuluzi e-virtual kuphela [48].
Izifundo eziningi ezihlola i-3DPAM entsha zisebenzise izivivinyo zangaphambi kolwazi. Lezi zivivinyo zangaphambi kolwazi zisiza ekugwemeni ukucwasa ekuhlolweni. Abanye ababhali, ngaphambi kokwenza izifundo zokuhlola, bakhipha bonke abafundi abathole amaphuzu angaphezu kwesilinganiso esivivinyweni sokuqala [40]. Phakathi kokucwasa uGaras nozakwabo okukhulunywe ngabo kwakukhona umbala wemodeli kanye nokukhethwa kwabavolontiya ekilasini labafundi [61]. Ukupenda kwenza kube lula ukuhlonza izakhiwo zomzimba. UChen nozakwabo basungula izimo zokuhlola eziqinile ngaphandle komehluko wokuqala phakathi kwamaqembu futhi ucwaningo lwaluphuphuthekiswe ngezinga eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka [69]. ULim nozakwabo batusa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwangemva kokuhlolwa kuqedwe ngumuntu wesithathu ukuze kugwenywe ukucwasa ekuhlolweni [16]. Ezinye izifundo zisebenzise izikali zeLikert ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini i-3DPAM. Leli thuluzi lifanele ukuhlola ukwaneliseka, kodwa kusekhona ukucwasa okubalulekile okufanele kuqashelwe [86].
Ukubaluleka kwezemfundo kwe-3DPAM kuhlolwe kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi bezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa nabafundi bezokwelapha bonyaka wokuqala, ezifundweni ezingu-14 kwezingu-33. Esifundweni sabo sokuhlola, uWilk nozakwabo babike ukuthi abafundi bezokwelapha babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D kufanele kufakwe ekufundeni kwabo kwe-anatomy [87]. Abafundi abangu-87% abahlolwe ocwaningweni lweCercenelli babekholelwa ukuthi unyaka wesibili wokufunda wawuyisikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokusebenzisa i-3DPAM [84]. Imiphumela kaTanner nozakwabo ibonise nokuthi abafundi benze kangcono uma bengakaze bafunde lo mkhakha [46]. Le datha iphakamisa ukuthi unyaka wokuqala wesikole sezokwelapha yisikhathi esifanele sokufaka i-3DPAM ekufundiseni i-anatomy. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kukaYe kusekele lo mbono [18]. Ezihlokweni ezingu-27 ezifakiwe ocwaningweni, kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu emaphuzu okuhlolwa phakathi kwe-3DPAM namamodeli endabuko abafundi bezokwelapha, kodwa hhayi kubantu abahlala khona.
I-3DPAM njengethuluzi lokufunda ithuthukisa impumelelo yezemfundo [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], ukugcinwa kolwazi isikhathi eside [32], kanye nokwaneliseka kwabafundi [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63, 66]. , 69, 84]. Amaphaneli ochwepheshe nawo athole la mamodeli ewusizo [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], kanti izifundo ezimbili zithole ukwaneliseka kothisha nge-3DPAM [25, 63]. Kuzo zonke imithombo, i-Backhouse kanye nozakwabo babheka ukuphrinta kwe-3D njengendlela engcono kakhulu kunezinhlobo zendabuko zokwakheka komzimba [49]. Ekuhlaziyweni kwabo kokuqala kwe-meta, uYe kanye nozakwabo baqinisekisile ukuthi abafundi abathole imiyalelo ye-3DPAM babenamaphuzu angcono ngemva kokuhlolwa kunabafundi abathole imiyalelo ye-2D noma yesidumbu [10]. Kodwa-ke, bahlukanise i-3DPAM hhayi ngobunkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngenhliziyo, isimiso sezinzwa, kanye nomgodi wesisu. Ezifundweni eziyisikhombisa, i-3DPAM ayizange iphumelele kakhulu kwamanye amamodeli asekelwe ekuhlolweni kolwazi okwenziwa kubafundi [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84]. Ekuhlaziyweni kwabo kwe-meta, uSalazar kanye nozakwabo baphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-3DPAM kuthuthukisa ngokukhethekile ukuqonda kwe-anatomy eyinkimbinkimbi [17]. Lo mqondo uhambisana nencwadi kaHitas eya kumhleli [88]. Ezinye izindawo ze-anatomy ezibhekwa njengezingayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu azidingi ukusetshenziswa kwe-3DPAM, kanti izindawo ze-anatomy eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (njengentamo noma isimiso sezinzwa) zingaba ukukhetha okunengqondo kwe-3DPAM. Lo mqondo ungase uchaze ukuthi kungani amanye ama-3DPAM engabhekwa njengaphakeme kunamamodeli endabuko, ikakhulukazi lapho abafundi bengenalo ulwazi endaweni lapho ukusebenza kwemodeli kutholakala kuphakeme khona. Ngakho-ke, ukwethula imodeli elula kubafundi asebevele benolwazi oluthile ngesihloko (abafundi bezokwelapha noma izakhamuzi) akusizi ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwabafundi.
Kuzo zonke izinzuzo zemfundo ezibalwe, izifundo ezingu-11 zigcizelele izimfanelo ezibonakalayo noma ezithintayo zamamodeli [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], kanti izifundo ezingu-3 zithuthukise amandla nokuqina (33, 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Ezinye izinzuzo ukuthi abafundi bangakwazi ukushintsha izakhiwo, othisha bangonga isikhathi, kulula ukuzilondoloza kunezidumbu, iphrojekthi ingaqedwa zingakapheli amahora angu-24, ingasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokufunda ekhaya, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukufundisa ulwazi oluningi. [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Ukuphrinta okuphindaphindwayo kwe-3D kokufundisa nge-anatomy ephezulu kwenza amamodeli okuphrinta e-3D abe ngcono kakhulu [26]. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-3DPAM kungathuthukisa amakhono okujikeleza kwengqondo [23] futhi kuthuthukise ukuchazwa kwezithombe ezinqamula izigaba [23, 32]. Izifundo ezimbili zithole ukuthi abafundi abachayeke ku-3DPAM banamathuba amaningi okuhlinzwa [40, 74]. Izixhumi zensimbi zingafakwa ukuze kudalwe ukunyakaza okudingekayo ukuze kufundwe i-anatomy esebenzayo [51, 53], noma amamodeli angaphrintwa kusetshenziswa imiklamo ye-trigger [67].
Ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuvumela ukudalwa kwamamodeli anokwakheka alungisekayo ngokuthuthukisa izici ezithile ngesikhathi sesigaba sokumodela, [48, 80] ukudala isisekelo esifanele, [59] ukuhlanganisa amamodeli amaningi, [36] kusetshenziswa ukucaca, (49) umbala, [45] noma ukwenza izakhiwo ezithile zangaphakathi zibonakale [30]. UTripodi nozakwabo basebenzise ubumba lokuqopha ukuze bahambisane namamodeli abo amathambo aphrintiwe nge-3D, begcizelela ukubaluleka kwamamodeli adalwe ngokubambisana njengamathuluzi okufundisa [47]. Ezifundweni ezingu-9, umbala wasetshenziswa ngemva kokuphrinta [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], kodwa abafundi bawusebenzise kanye kuphela [49]. Ngeshwa, ucwaningo aluzange luhlole ikhwalithi yokuqeqeshwa kwamamodeli noma ukulandelana kokuqeqeshwa. Lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokomongo wemfundo yokwakheka komzimba, njengoba izinzuzo zokufunda okuhlanganisiwe nokudala ngokubambisana zisungulwe kahle [89]. Ukuze kubhekanwe nomsebenzi wokukhangisa okhulayo, ukuzifundela kuye kwasetshenziswa izikhathi eziningi ukuhlola amamodeli [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Ucwaningo olulodwa luphethe ngokuthi umbala wezinto zepulasitiki wawukhanya kakhulu[45], olunye ucwaningo luphethe ngokuthi imodeli yayibuthakathaka kakhulu[71], kanti ezinye izifundo ezimbili zibonise ukuntuleka kokuguquguquka kokwakheka komzimba ekwakhiweni kwamamodeli ngamanye[25, 45]. . Izifundo eziyisikhombisa ziphethe ngokuthi imininingwane yokwakheka komzimba ye-3DPAM ayanele [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Ukuze uthole amamodeli anemininingwane eminingi yezindawo ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi, njenge-retroperitoneum noma umgogodla wesibeletho, isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kanye nokwakheka kwemodeli sibhekwa njengeside kakhulu futhi izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu (cishe u-US$2000) [27, 48]. UHojo kanye nozakwabo bathi ocwaningweni lwabo ukuthi kwathatha amahora angu-40 ukudala imodeli ye-anatomical ye-pelvis [42]. Isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuhlukaniswa kwaba amahora angu-380 ocwaningweni lukaWeatherall kanye nozakwabo, lapho amamodeli amaningi ahlanganiswa khona ukudala imodeli ephelele yomoya wezingane [36]. Ezifundweni eziyisishiyagalolunye, isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kanye nesikhathi sokunyathelisa sabhekwa njengezinkinga [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezingu-12 zagxeka izakhiwo zomzimba zamamodeli azo, ikakhulukazi ukuqina kwawo, [28, 62] ukuntuleka kokubonakala, [30] ubuthakathaka kanye ne-monochromaticity, [71] ukuntuleka kwezicubu ezithambile, [66] noma ukuntuleka kwemininingwane [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Lezi zingqinamba zinganqotshwa ngokwandisa isikhathi sokuhlukanisa noma sokulingisa. Ukulahlekelwa nokuthola ulwazi olufanele kwakuyinkinga ebhekene namaqembu amathathu [30, 74, 77]. Ngokusho kwemibiko yeziguli, ama-contrast agents ane-iodine awazange anikeze ukubonakala okuhle kwemithambo yegazi ngenxa yemikhawulo yomthamo [74]. Ukujova imodeli yesidumbu kubonakala kuyindlela ekahle eqhela esimisweni sokuthi "kuncane ngangokunokwenzeka" kanye nemikhawulo yomthamo we-contrast agent ejovwe.
Ngeshwa, izihloko eziningi azikhulumi ngezici ezithile ezibalulekile ze-3DPAM. Ngaphansi kwengxenye yezihloko zisho ngokusobala ukuthi i-3DPAM yazo yayinombala ophinyisiwe. Ukumbozwa kobubanzi bokuphrinta bekungafani (43% wezihloko), futhi ama-34% kuphela akhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwemidiya eminingi. Lezi zinhlaka zokuphrinta zibalulekile ngoba zithonya izakhiwo zokufunda ze-3DPAM. Izihloko eziningi azinikezi ulwazi olwanele mayelana nobunzima bokuthola i-3DPAM (isikhathi sokuklama, iziqu zabasebenzi, izindleko zesofthiwe, izindleko zokuphrinta, njll.). Lolu lwazi lubalulekile futhi kufanele lucatshangelwe ngaphambi kokucabangela ukuqala iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa i-3DPAM entsha.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kukhombisa ukuthi ukuklama nokuphrinta amamodeli ajwayelekile e-anatomical nge-3D kungenzeka ngezindleko eziphansi, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa amaphrinta e-FDM noma e-SLA kanye nezinto zepulasitiki ezingabizi kakhulu zombala owodwa. Kodwa-ke, le miklamo eyisisekelo ingathuthukiswa ngokungeza umbala noma ukwengeza imiklamo ezintweni ezahlukene. Amamodeli angokoqobo (aphrintiwe kusetshenziswa izinto eziningi zemibala ehlukene kanye nokuthungwa ukuze aphinde afane nezimfanelo ezithintekayo zemodeli yokubhekisela yesidumbu) adinga ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D obubizayo kanye nezikhathi zokuklama ezinde. Lokhu kuzokhulisa kakhulu izindleko zizonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhethwa yiphi inqubo yokuphrinta, ukukhetha indlela efanele yokuthwebula izithombe kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo ye-3DPAM. Uma isinqumo sendawo siphezulu, imodeli iba ngokoqobo kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ocwaningweni oluthuthukisiwe. Ngokombono wokufundisa, i-3DPAM iyithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokufundisa i-anatomical, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuhlolwa kolwazi okunikezwa abafundi kanye nokwaneliseka kwabo. Umphumela wokufundisa we-3DPAM ungcono kakhulu uma iphinda ikhiqize izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-anatomical futhi abafundi bayisebenzisa ekuqaleni kokuqeqeshwa kwabo kwezokwelapha.
Amasethi edatha akhiqizwe kanye/noma ahlaziywe ocwaningweni lwamanje awatholakali emphakathini ngenxa yezithiyo zolimi kodwa ayatholakala kumbhali ohambisanayo uma ecelwa ngokufanele.
UDrake RL, uLowry DJ, uPruitt CM. Ukubuyekezwa kwezifundo ze-gross anatomy, i-microanatomy, i-neurobiology, kanye ne-embryology kuhlelo lwezifundo zesikole sezokwelapha sase-US. Anat Rec. 2002;269(2):118-22.
Ukususwa kwezicubu ze-Ghosh SK njengethuluzi lokufundisa lesayensi yokwakheka komzimba ekhulwini lama-21: Ukususwa kwezicubu njengethuluzi lokufundisa. Ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo yesayensi. 2017;10(3):286–99.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-09-2024