Ukuhlukaniswa kwendabuko kwendabuko kusekwehla, ngenkathi ukuzolanda kanye namamodeli we-3D aphrintiwe (3DP) athola ukuthandwa njengenye indlela yezindlela zendabuko zokufundisa zendabuko. Akukacaci ukuthi yini amandla nobuthakathaka balawa mathuluzi amasha nokuthi bangawuthinta kanjani isipiliyoni sokufunda sabafundi, esihlanganisa izindinganiso zabantu njengenhlonipho, ukunakekelwa, kanye nozwela.
Masinyane nje ngemuva kokutadisha okungahleliwe, abafundi abangama-96 bamenyiwe. Kwasetshenziswa idizayini ye-PRAGMATIC ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda kusetshenziswa amamodeli we-anatomically platris kanye ne-3, 1, n = 63) nentamo (isigaba 2, n = 33). Ukuhlaziywa okuqondile okuyisisekelo kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ekubuyekezweni kombhalo wamahhala kwama-278 (kubhekiswa emandleni, ubuthakathaka, izindawo zokwenza ngcono) nemibhalo yeVerbatim yamaqembu okugxila (n = 8) mayelana nokufunda i-anatomy usebenzisa la mathuluzi.
Kwahlonzwa izingqikithi ezine: Kucatshangelwe ukuqonda, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi, isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha nokunakekelwa, ubuhlakani kanye nobuholi nobuholi.
Ngokuvamile, abafundi babenomuzwa wokuthi ama-specimens ahleliwe abe namaqiniso kakhudlwana futhi ngenxa yalokho azwakala ehlonishwa futhi enakekelwa ngaphezu kwamamodeli we-3DP, okwakulula ukuwasebenzisa futhi alungele kangcono ukufunda i-anatomy eyisisekelo.
I-Autopsy yomuntu ibike yaba yindlela ejwayelekile yokufundisa esetshenziswa eMfundweni Yezokwelapha kusukela ngekhulu le-17 [1, 2]. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokufinyelela okulinganiselwe, izindleko eziphakeme zokulungiswa kwe-cadaver [3, 4], ukuncishiswa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwe-anatomy [1, 5], kanye ne-3, 6], izifundo ze-anatomy zifundiswe ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuphambana zendabuko ziyehla . Lokhu kuvula amathuba amasha okucwaninga izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa namathuluzi, njengezinhlobonhlobo zomuntu kanye namamodeli we-3D aphrintiwe (3DP) [3D7,8].
Ngayinye yalawa mathuluzi inezinzuzo nezinzuzo. Izinhlobo ze-plated zisomile, ezingenamphundla, zinengqondo futhi ezingezinhle [ezingama-9,1011], zizenza zilungele ukufundisa nokuzibandakanya abafundi esifundweni nasekuqondeni i-anatomy nokuqonda kwe-anatomy. Kodwa-ke, ziqinile futhi zingathandeki [10, 12], ngakho-ke kucatshangwa ukuthi ziba nzima ukwehla futhi zifinyelela ezakhiweni ezijulile [9]. Ngokuya kwezindleko, amasampula ahleliwe ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu ukuthenga nokugcina kunamamodeli we-3,7,8]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amamodeli we-3DP avumela ukwakheka okuhlukile [7, 13] nemibala [6, 14] futhi angabelwa izingxenye ezithile, ezisiza abafundi bakhombe kalula, yize lokhu kubonakala sengathi kungokoqobo ukwedlula ipulasitiki amasampula.
Izifundo eziningi ziye zahlola imiphumela yokufunda / ukusebenza kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinsimbi ze-anatomical ezifana nezinhlamvu zepulasitiki, izithombe ze-2D, izigaba ezimanzi, amatafula we-anatomage (anatomage Inc., amamodeli we-3DP [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yahluka ngokuya ngokukhethwa kwezinsimbi zokuqeqeshwa ezisetshenziselwa ukulawulwa kanye namaqembu okungenelela, kanye nokwe ngokuya ngezifunda ezahlukahlukene ze-anatomical [14, 22]. Isibonelo, lapho kusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nama-Wet Dissave Rection [11, 15] kanye namatafula we-Autopsy [20], abafundi babika ukwaneliseka okuphezulu kanye nezimo zengqondo ezibheke ezinhlotsheni ezihleliwe. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphethini wokubala izicisha kukhombisa umphumela omuhle wolwazi lwenhloso yabafundi [23, 24].
Amamodeli we-3DP ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukwengeza izindlela zokufundisa zendabuko [14,17,21]. Yoke et al. (2017) Kubikwe ukusetshenziswa kwemodeli ye-3DP ukuqonda isifo senhliziyo enokuzalwa ku-pediatrician [18]. Lolu cwaningo luveze ukuthi iqembu le-3DP lalinokwaneliseka okuphezulu, ukuqonda okungcono kwe-Tetrad ye-Tetrad yeFallot, kanye nekhono elithuthukisiwe lokuphatha iziguli (ukuzisebenzisela ukusebenza) kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-2D. Ukutadisha i-anatomy yesihlahla somthambo kanye ne-anatomy ye-skull usebenzisa amamodeli we-3DP anikeza amamodeli afanayo wokufunda njengezithombe ze-2D [16, 17]. Lezi zifundo zikhombisile ukuthi amamodeli we-3DP aphakeme kune-2D imifanekiso ngokuya ngokwaneliseka kokufunda kwabafundi. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ngokuqhathanisa ngokuqondile amamodeli we-3DP anezinto eziningi ezinamasampula afakiwe akhawulelwe. Mogali et al. .
Kodwa-ke, kudingeka ubufakazi obengeziwe ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi kungani isipiliyoni sokufunda kwabafundi kuncike ekukhetheni izinsimbi ze-anatomical kanye nezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezitho zomzimba nezitho zomzimba [14, 22]. Amanani akwaHumalist ayisici esijabulisayo esingathonya lo mbono. Lokhu kusho inhlonipho, ukunakekelwa, uzwela kanye nozwela okulindeleke kubafundi ababa odokotela [25, 26]. Izindinganiso ezinobuntu ngokwesiko zifunwe ngokwesiko, ngoba abafundi bafundiswa ukuzwelana nokunakekela izidumbu ezinikelwe, ngakho-ke ukutadisha i-anatomy bekulokhu kuyindawo ekhethekile [27, 28]. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvamile ukukalwa ngamathuluzi weplastiki nama-3DP. Ngokungafani nemibuzo evikelekile evikelekile, izindlela zokuqoqa idatha ezifana nezingxoxo zeqembu agxile kanye nemibuzo evulelekile yocwaningo olunikezela ngokuqonda ngamathuluzi angahleliwe abhalwe ngokulandelana kokufunda okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kokufunda.
Ngakho-ke lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphendula kanjani abafundi bebona kanjani i-anatomy ngendlela ehlukile lapho benikezwe amathuluzi asethiwe (ukuhlela kabusha) Ukuqhathanisa izithombe eziphrintiwe ze-3D eziphrintiwe ukuze zifunde i-anatomy?
Ukuphendula le mibuzo engenhla, abafundi banethuba lokuthola, ukuqongelela nokwabelana ngolwazi lwe-anatomical ngokuxhumana kweqembu kanye nokubambisana. Lo mqondo uvumelana kahle nombono wokwakha, ngokusho ukuthi abantu noma amaqembu ezenhlalo adala futhi abelane ngolwazi lwawo [29]. Ukusebenzisana okunjalo (ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kontanga, phakathi kwabafundi nothisha) kuthinta ukwaneliseka kokufunda [30, 31]. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda kwabafundi kuzothonywa izici ezinjengokufunda lula, imvelo, izindlela zokufundisa, kanye nokuqukethwe kwezifundo [32]. Kamuva, lezi zimfanelo zingathonya ukufunda kwabafundi nokuphatha izihloko ezithakazelisa [33, 34]. Lokhu kungahle kuhlobane nombono wethiyori we-Pragmatic Epistemology, lapho isivuno sokuqala noma ukwakhiwa kwesipiliyoni somuntu siqu, ubuhlakani, kanye nezinkolelo zinganquma inkambo elandelayo [35]. Indlela ye-Pragmatic ihlelwe ngokucophelela ukukhomba izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi nokulandelana kwazo ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo kanye nocwaningo, kulandelwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-thematic [36].
Amasampula e-Cadaver avame ukubhekwa njengezakhayo ezithule, njengoba ebonwa njengezipho ezibalulekile zokuzuzisa isayensi kanye nesintu, ekhuthaza inhlonipho nokubonga kwabafundi kwabanikeli bawo [37, 38]. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubike izikolo zezinhloso ezifanayo noma eziphakeme phakathi kweqembu le-Cadaver / Plastastination neqembu le-3DP [21, 39], kepha akucaci ukuthi abafundi bahlanganyela yini okuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo, kufaka phakathi amanani aphakathi, phakathi kwala maqembu amabili. Ukuze uthole ucwaningo olwengeziwe, lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa umgomo we-pragmatism [36] ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda nezimpawu zamamodeli we-3DP (umbala kanye nokuthungwa) futhi uziqhathanise namasampula asetshenziswayo asuselwa kwimpendulo yomfundi.
Imibono yabafundi ingathonya izinqumo zabafundi mayelana nokukhetha amathuluzi afanele akwa-anatomy asuselwa kulokho futhi akusebenzi ngokufundisa i-anatomy. Lolu lwazi lungasiza futhi othi abafundisi bakhombe okuthandwa ngabafundi futhi basebenzise amathuluzi okuhlaziya afanele ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwabo lokufunda.
Lesi sifundo esifanelekile esihlose ukuhlola lokho abafundi abakubheka njengokuhlangenwe nakho okubalulekile kokufunda usebenzisa izinhliziyo zeplastiki namasampula entamo uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli we-3DP. Ngokwesifundo sokuqala nguMogali et al. Ngo-2018, abafundi babheka izinhlobo zezinhlamvu ezihleliwe zinengqondo ukwedlula amamodeli we-3DP [7]. Ngakho-ke ake sicabange:
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-PLASTIATATIONS yadalwa kusuka kuma-cadavers angempela, abafundi kulindeleke ukuthi babuke amamodeli ahle kakhulu kunamamodeli we-3DP ngokuya ngobuqiniso kanye nenani lesintu.
Lesi sifundo esifanelekile sihlobene nezifundo ezimbili ezedlule [21, 40] ngoba imininingwane eyethulwe kuzo zonke izifundo ezintathu iqoqwa ngasikhathi sinye kusuka kusampula efanayo yababambiqhaza babafundi. I-athikili yokuqala ikhombise izindlela ezifanayo zenhloso (izikolo zokuhlola) phakathi kokuhlehlisa namaqembu e-3DP [21, kanye ne-athikili yesibili esetshenzisiwe Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Psychor ukuthuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwezemfundo okufana nokweneliseka okufana nokufunda, Ukuzisebenzisela ukusebenza, izindinganiso zesintu, nokufunda ukulinganiselwa kwabezindaba [40]. Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise izingxoxo zeqembu elivulekile nezogxili kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi abafundi bacabangani ababalulekile lapho befunda i-anatomy besebenzisa ama-specimens ahleliwe namamodeli aphrintiwe we-3D. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhluke ezihlokweni ezimbili ezedlule ngokuya ngezinhloso zokucwaninga / imibuzo, idatha nezindlela zokuhlaziya ukuthola izingxoxo zempendulo yomfundi (Amathuluzi we-Free Text Pals plus) ngokusetshenziswa kwamasampula abhalwe epulasitiki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lolu cwaningo lwamanje luxazulula umbuzo ohlukile wokucwaninga kunezindatshana ezimbili ezedlule [21, 40].
Esikhungweni somlobi, i-anatomy ihlanganiswe kwizifundo ezihleliwe njenge-cardiopulmonary, endocrinology, musculoskeletal, njll., Eminyakeni emibili yokuqala ye-bachelor yezokwelapha ne-bachelor of adgery (MBBS). Izinhlobo ze-Platesteres, amamodeli epulasitiki, izithombe zezokwelapha, amamodeli we-Virtual 3D ajwayele ukusetshenziswa endaweni yokuhlaziya noma ama-wet dissamen special ukusekela umkhuba ojwayelekile we-anatomy. Izikhathi zokutadisha zeqembu zithatha ezinye izinkulumo zendabuko ezifundiswe ngokugxila ekusetshenzisweni kolwazi olutholakele. Ekupheleni kwemodyuli yohlelo ngalunye, thatha isivivinyo se-anatomy esisebenza online esifaka izimpendulo ezi-20 ngazinye (i-Sbas) emboza i-anatomy ejwayelekile, imaging, ne-Histology. Sekukonke, kwaqhutshwa izivivinyo ezinhlanu ezakhayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa (ezintathu ngonyaka wokuqala kwathi ezimbili ngonyaka wesibili). Ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe okuhlanganisiwe okubhaliwe kweminyaka 1 no-2 kufaka amaphepha amabili, ngalinye liqukethe ama-120 ama-Sbas. I-anatomy iba yingxenye yalokhu kuhlolwa kanye nohlelo lokuhlola inquma inani lemibuzo ye-anatomical okufanele ifakwe.
Ukuze uthuthukise isilinganiso sesampula yesampula, amamodeli wangaphakathi we-3DP asuselwa ezinhlotsheni ezihleliwe afundwa ukufundisa nokufunda i-anatomy. Lokhu kunikeza ithuba lokusungula inani lemfundo lamamodeli amasha we-3DP ngokuqhathaniswa nezinhlamvu ezihleliwe ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe ngokusemthethweni kwikharikhulamu ye-anatomy.
Kulolu cwaningo, i-tomography ehlanganisiwe (i-CT) (64-Selce Special Somatom Definition Flash CT Scanner, erlangen Healthcare, i-Erlangen, Germany) yenziwa kumamodeli epulasitiki enhliziyweni (inhliziyo eyodwa kanye nenhliziyo eyodwa esigabeni sesiphambano) nekhanda nentamo ( i-head eyodwa eyodwa neyodwa ye-midsagittal) (Fig. 1). Ukucabanga okudijithali kanye nezokuxhumana ku-Medicine (Dicom) izithombe kwatholakala futhi kulayishwe ku-3D slicer (izinhlobo 4.8.1 no-4.10.2, iHarvard, iMassachusetts) ukuthola izicubu ezifana nemisipha, imithambo yegazi, kanye namathambo . Amafayili ahlukanisiwe alayishwe madikitise magics (inguqulo 22, ake afake imizimba ye-NV, uLeuven, eBelgium) ukususa amagobolondo omsindo, futhi amamodeli aphrintiwe agcinwe kwi-OBJET 500 ConXEx3 Printer (stratasy, eden I-Prairie, mn) ukudala amamodeli we-anatomical angama-3D. Ama-Photopolymerible resins nama-elastomer asobala (i-veroyellow, veroyagenta ne-tangoplus) qinisa ungqimba lwe-harder ngaphansi kwesendlalelo ngaphansi kwesenzo se-UV radiation, ukufakwa kombala ngakunye.
Amathuluzi wokutadisha we-anatomy asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo. Kwesobunxele: intamo; kwesokudla: inhliziyo ephrintiwe ne-3D ephrintiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo olukhuphukayo lwe-aorta no-coronary lukhethwe kusuka enhliziyweni yenhliziyo, futhi kwakhiwa ama-scaffolds ukuze anamathele kwimodeli (inguqulo 22, afake izinto zokwakha i-Leuven, eBelgium, eBelgium). Imodeli yaphrintwa kwiphrinta ye-REPUS3D PRO2 PRICTER (REPOSKD Technologies, Irvine, CA) Usebenzisa i-Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU). Ukukhombisa imithambo ye-acteries yemodeli, impahla ephrintiwe ye-TPU Support kwadingeka isuswe bese imithambo yegazi ipendiwe nge-acrylic ebomvu.
I-bachelor yeminyaka yokuqala yabafundi bezokwelapha e-Lee Kong Chiang Faculty of Medicicine yonyaka ngo-2020-2021 Wezemfundo (n = 163, abesilisa abangama-94 kanye nezinsikazi ezingama-69) bathola isimemo se-imeyili sokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo njengomsebenzi wokuzithandela. Ukuhlolwa kwesiphambano okungahleliwe kwenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili, okokuqala nge-Incnision yenhliziyo bese kuthi ngentambo yentamo. Kunesikhathi sokugeza seviki esiyisithupha phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili ukunciphisa imiphumela eyinsalela. Kuzo zombili lezi zigaba, abafundi babeyizimpumputhe ngezihloko zokufunda kanye nezabelo zeqembu. Abekho ngaphezu kwabantu abayisithupha eqenjini. Abafundi abathola amasampula ahleliwe esinyathelo sokuqala bathola amamodeli we-3DP esinyathelweni sesibili. Esigabeni ngasinye, womabili la maqembu athola inkulumo eselulekayo (imizuzu engama-30) evela kumuntu wesithathu (uthisha omkhulu) alandelwa ukuzifundela (imizuzu engama-50) esebenzisa amathuluzi wokuzifundela ahlinzekile kanye nokunikezwa.
I-Coreq (imibandela ebanzi yokubika kokucwaninga okusebenzayo) Uhlu lokuhlola lusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ucwaningo lokufaneleka.
Abafundi banikeze impendulo ngezinto zokufunda zokucwaninga ngocwaningo oluhlanganisa imibuzo emithathu evulelekile mayelana namandla abo, ubuthakathaka kanye namathuba okuthuthuka. Bonke abaphenduli abangama-96 banikeze izimpendulo zamafomu mahhala. Ngemuva kwalokho amavolontiya abafundi ayisishiyagalombili (n = 8) abambe iqhaza eqenjini eligxile. Izingxoxo zenziwa e-Anatomy Training Center (lapho kwaqhutshwa khona izivivinyo) futhi kwenziwa ngabaphenyi 4 (Ph.d.) ukuqeqeshwa. Abafundi bebengazazi izici zomuntu siqu zabaphenyi (noma iqembu lokucwaninga) ngaphambi kokuqala kwesifundo, kepha imvume yabatshela ngenhloso yokufunda. Umcwaningi kuphela 4 futhi abafundi ababambe iqhaza eqenjini eligxile. Umcwaningi uchaze iqembu eligxile kubafundi futhi wababuza ukuthi bangathanda ukubamba iqhaza yini. Babebelana ngesipiliyoni sabo sokufunda ukuphrinta kwe-3D nokuhlelwa kokuhlehlisa futhi babenomdlandla kakhulu. Umgqugquzeli ubuze imibuzo eyisithupha ehola ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi basebenze ngokusebenzisa (izinto ezengeziwe 1). Izibonelo zifaka izingxoxo zezici zezinsimbi ze-anatomical ezikhuthaza ukufunda nokufunda, kanye nendima yozwela ekusebenzeni ngezinhlobo ezinjalo. "Ungakuchaza kanjani isipiliyoni sakho sokutadisha i-anatomy usebenzisa ama-specimens ahleliwe namakhophi aphrintiwe we-3D?" bekungumbuzo wokuqala wenhlolokhono. Yonke imibuzo iphelelwe yisikhathi, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinothile, okuvumela idatha entsha ukuthi itholakale futhi inselelo okufanele ihlulwe ngamathuluzi okufunda. Ababambiqhaza abatholi ukurekhoda kwamazwana noma ukuhlaziya imiphumela. Isimo sokuzithandela socwaningo sigweme idatha yedatha. Ingxoxo yonke yathengwa ukuze ihlaziywe.
Ukuqoshwa kweqembu lokugxila (imizuzu engama-35) kwabhalwa phansi nge-verbatim kanye nokuchazwa kabusha (ama-pseudonyms asetshenziswa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuqoqwe imibuzo yemibuzo evulelekile. Imibuzo yeqembu le-FOGCE kanye nemibuzo yocwaningo yangeniswa kwi-Microsoft Excel Spreedsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) yokunxantathu yedatha kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuzobheka imiphumela eqhathanisekayo noma engaguquki noma imiphumela emisha [41]. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlaziywa kwe-theory theortatic [41, 42]. Izimpendulo zombhalo ngamunye zingezwa inani lezimpendulo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibono equkethe imisho eminingi izophathwa njengeyodwa. Kuphendula kuphendula nge-NIL, akekho noma akukho amathegi aphawulayo azonakwa. Abacwaningi abathathu (umcwaningi wesifazane abane-Ph.D. Abathathu bezinhlelo-programmers basebenzisa amaphakethe angempela wokudweba ukwahlukanisa amanothi we-POSP-IT ngokusekelwe ekufaneni nasekuhlukaneni. Kwaqhutshwa amaseshini amaningana uku-oda namakhodi weqembu ngokuqashelwa kwephethini ehlelekile nowokuhlelwa, lapho amakhodi ehlelwe khona ukukhomba ama-subtopics (izici ezingezinhle noma ezijwayelekile ezinjengezimfanelo ezinhle zokufunda) okwakha izingqikithi ezivelele ezingeqile [41]. Ukufinyelela ukuvumelana, umcwaningi wesilisa ongu-6 (Ph.D.) Ngeminyaka engu-15 yesipiliyoni ekufundiseni i-anatomy yavuma izifundo zokugcina.
Ngokuhambisana nesimemezelo seHelsinki, ibhodi lokubuyekezwa kwesikhungo laseNanyang Technological University (IRB) (2019-09-024) lahlola uhlelo lokufunda futhi lathola izimvume ezidingekayo. Abahlanganyeli banikeze imvume enolwazi futhi baziswe ngelungelo labo lokuhoxisa ekubambeni iqhaza nganoma isiphi isikhathi.
Abafundi bezokwelapha abathola iziqu eziyisishiyagalombili nesithupha bahlinzeka ngemvume ephelele, ukwaba okuyisisekelo okufana nobulili nobudala, futhi kwamenyezelwa ukuthi akukho ukuqeqeshwa okuhlelekile kwe-anatomy. Isigaba I (Inhliziyo) nesigaba II (Ukuhlelwa kwentamo) kwahlanganisa ababambiqhaza abangama-63 (amadoda angama-33 nabesifazane abangama-30) kanye nababambiqhaza abangama-33 (amadoda ayi-18 nabesifazane), ngokulandelana. Iminyaka yabo yaqala ukusuka eminyakeni eyi-18 kuye kwengama-21 (kusho ukuphambuka okujwayelekile: 19.3 ± 0.9) iminyaka. Bonke abafundi abangama-96 baphendule uhlu lwemibuzo (akukho ukude), futhi abafundi abangu-8 bahlanganyela emaqenjini agxilwe kakhulu. Kwakunamazwana avulekile angama-278 mayelana nezinzuzo, ama-Cons, kanye nezidingo zokuthuthuka. Kwakungekho ukungahambisani phakathi kwemininingwane ehlaziywe kanye nombiko wokutholakele.
Kuzo zonke izingxoxo zeqembu ezigxile ezihlokweni, izimpendulo ezinengqinamba kwavela: Kucatshangelwe izingqikithi, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi, isimo senhlonipho, ukunakekela, ubuholi, ubuholi (umfanekiso 2). Isihloko ngasinye sichazwa ngemininingwane ethe xaxa ngezansi.
Lezi zingqikithi ezine - ukuqonda okucatshangwayo, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo nobunzima, inhlonipho nokunakekelwa, nokukhetha ukufunda imithombo yezindaba - kususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-themeatic kwemibuzo evulelekile yocwaningo kanye nezingxoxo zeqembu agxile. Izakhi ezisemabhokisini aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi aphuzi zimelela izakhiwo zesampula enezithombe kanye nemodeli ye-3DP, ngokulandelana. I-3DP = 3D ukuphrinta
Abafundi babenomuzwa wokuthi ama-specimente ahleliwe ayenengqondo kakhulu, ayenemibala yemvelo emele ama-cadaver wangempela, futhi ayenemininingwane ye-anatomical kunamamodeli we-3DP. Isibonelo, ukuqondiswa kwemisipha kuyinto evelele kakhulu kumasampula abhalwe epulasitiki ngokuqhathaniswa namamodeli we-3DP. Lokhu kuphambene kuboniswe esitatimendeni esingezansi.
"... okuningiliziwe futhi kunembile, njengokuvela kumuntu wangempela (C17 obambe iqhaza; Ukubuyekezwa kokuhlelwa kwamahhala)."
Abafundi baphawula ukuthi amathuluzi we-3DP abelusizo ekufundeni i-anatomy eyisisekelo nokuhlola izici ezinkulu ze-macroscopic, kuyilapho ama-specimes epulasitiki ayelungele ukunwebeka ulwazi kanye nokuqonda kwawo kwezakhiwo nezifunda eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abafundi babenomuzwa wokuthi yize zombili izinsimbi ziphindaphindeke zabanye, zazilahlekile imininingwane ebalulekile lapho zisebenzisana namamodeli we-3DP ngokuqhathaniswa namasampula asusiwe. Lokhu kuchazwa esitatimendeni esingezansi.
"... Bekukhona ubunzima obufana ... imininingwane emincane efana ne-fossa ovale ... Ngokuvamile imodeli ye-3D yenhliziyo ingasetshenziswa ... ngentamo, mhlawumbe ngizofunda imodeli yokubuyisa ngokuzethemba (umhlanganyeli we-PA1; .
"... Izakhiwo eziphelele zingabonakala ... Ngokuningiliziwe, ama-specimens we-3DP ayasiza ekutadisheni, ngokwesibonelo, izakhiwo ze-coarser (kanye) nezinto ezinkulu, ezikhonjwa kalula njengezicubu zomzimba nezitho ... mhlawumbe () Umhlanganyeli we-PA3; I-3DP, ingxoxo yeqembu okugxilwe kuyo) ".
Abafundi bazwakalise inhlonipho eyengeziwe nokukhathalela okwengeziwe ngezinhlobonhlobo ezihleliwe, kodwa futhi bakhathazekile ngokubhujiswa kwesakhiwo ngenxa yokuxinana kwaso nokuntuleka kokuguquguquka kwaso. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abafundi banezela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okusebenzayo ngokubona ukuthi amamodeli we-3DP angaphinde adalwe uma alimele.
"... futhi sivame ukunakekela amaphethini wokubala kakhulu (umhlanganyeli we-PA2; Ukuhlelwa komhlaba, izingxoxo zeqembu lokugxila)".
"... for Plastination Speepes, kufana ... okuthile okugcinwe isikhathi eside. Uma ngilimele ... ngicabanga ukuthi siyazi ukuthi kubukeka njengomonakalo omkhulu ngoba unomlando (umhlanganyeli we-PA3; Ukuhlelwa komhlaba, ukugxila kweqembu). "
"Amamodeli aphrintiwe we-3D angakhiqizwa ngokushesha futhi kalula ... ukwenza amamodeli we-3D atholakale kubantu abaningi kanye nokwenza lula ukufundwa ngaphandle kokwabelana ngamasampula (I38
"... ngamamodeli we-3D esingadlala kancane ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kakhulu ngokulimaza, njengamasampula alimazayo ... (PA2 obambe iqhaza;
Ngokusho kwabafundi, inani lezinhlobo ezihleliwe lilinganiselwe, futhi ukufinyelela ezinhlakeni ezijulile kunzima ngenxa yokuqina kwazo. Kwimodeli ye-3DP, banethemba lokuthola kabusha imininingwane ye-anatomical ngokuvumelanisa imodeli ezindaweni ezithakazelisayo zokufunda komuntu uqobo. Abafundi bavumile ukuthi bobabili amamodeli ahlukaniswe yiplastiki nama-3DP angasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlobo zamathuluzi wokufundisa afana nethebula le-anatomage ukuthuthukisa ukufunda.
"Ezinye izakhiwo zangaphakathi ezijulile azibonakali kahle (obambe iqhaza C14; Ukuhlelwa komhlaba, ukuphawula kwamahhala)."
"Mhlawumbe amatafula we-autopsy nezinye izindlela kungaba ukwengeza okuwusizo kakhulu (ilungu le-C14; Ukuhlelwa komhlaba, ukubuyekezwa kombhalo wamahhala)."
"Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amamodeli we-3D acacisiwe kahle, ungaba namamodeli ahlukene agxile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kanye nezici ezahlukahlukene, njengezinzwa zegazi (umhlanganyeli wegazi, ukubuyekeza umbhalo wamahhala)."
Abafundi baphinde baphakamisa kufaka nombukiso wokuthi uthisha achaze indlela yokusebenzisa kahle imodeli, noma ukuholwa okwengeziwe kuzithombe zesampula ezichazayo ukwenza lula ukutadisha nokuqonda emibhalweni yezinkulumo, yize ziklanyelwe ukuthi isifundo senzelwe ngokukhethekile ukuze sizifundele.
"... Ngiyazazisa isitayela esizimele socwaningo ... Mhlawumbe ukuholwa okwengeziwe kunganikezwa ngendlela yama-slides aphrintiwe noma amanothi athile ... (obambe iqhaza C02;
"Ochwepheshe bokuqukethwe noma ukuba namathuluzi abonakalayo abonakalayo afana nokugqwayiza noma ividiyo kungasisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono ukwakheka kwamamodeli we-3D (ilungu le-C38; Ukubuyekezwa kombhalo wamahhala ngokuvamile)."
Abafundi bokwelashwa bonyaka wokuqala babuzwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kokufunda kanye nekhwalithi yamasampula aphrintiwe we-3D neplasitiki. Njengoba bekulindelekile, abafundi bathola amasampula abuthongo abe ngamaqiniso anengqondo futhi anembe ukwedlula ama-3D aphrintiwe. Le miphumela iqinisekiswa isifundo sokuqala [7]. Njengoba amarekhodi enziwa ngezidumbu ezinikelwe, ziyiqiniso. Yize kwakuyi-1: 1 replica ye-prespitated speciden enezimpawu ezifanayo ze-morphological [8], imodeli ephrintiwe ye-polymer-baser 3D yayibhekwa njengento enengqondo futhi ayinangqondo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kubafundi okushiwo yimininingwane ye-oval fossa ayekhona Akubonakali kumodeli ye-3DP yenhliziyo uma uyiqhathanisa nemodeli ehleliwe. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yekhwalithi yesithombe se-CT, esingavumeli ukucaciswa okucacile kwemingcele. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukuhlukanisa izinhlaka ezinjalo kwisoftware ye-Segmentation, ethinta inqubo yokuphrinta ye-3D. Lokhu kungavusa ukungabaza ngokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi we-3DP njengoba besaba ukuthi ulwazi olubalulekile luzolahleka uma amathuluzi ajwayelekile anjengesampula afakwe epulasitiki awasetshenziswa. Abafundi abanesifiso sokuqeqeshwa okuhlinzayo bangakuthola kudingekile ukusebenzisa amamodeli asebenzayo [43]. Imiphumela yamanje ifana nezifundo ezedlule ezithola ukuthi amamodeli epulasitiki [44] namasampula we-3DP awanakho ukunemba kwamasampula angempela [45].
Ukuze uthuthukise ukufinyeleleka kwabafundi ngakho-ke ukwaneliseka kwabafundi, izindleko kanye nokutholakala kwamathuluzi kufanele kubhekwe. Imiphumela isekela ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli we-3DP wokuthola ulwazi lwe-anatomical ngenxa yembulo [6, 21] engabizi kakhulu. Lokhu kuyahambisana nesifundo esedlule esibonisa ukusebenza kwenhloso eqhathaniswa namamodeli ahleliwe kanye namamodeli we-3DP [21]. Abafundi baba nomuzwa wokuthi amamodeli we-3DP abe wusizo kakhulu ekutadisheni imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-anatomical, izitho, kanye nezici, ngenkathi ama-specimens alungele ukutadisha i-anatomy eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi bagqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli we-3DP ngokubambisana nezinhlobo ezikhona ze-cadaver kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje ukwenza ngcono ukuqonda kwabafundi nge-anatomy. Izindlela eziningi zokumela into efanayo, njengokuthola imephu ye-anatomy yenhliziyo esebenzisa ama-cadaver, ukuphrinta kwe-3D, ukuskena kweziguli, namamodeli we-turtual 3D. Le ndlela ehlukahlukene ivumela abafundi ukuthi bafanekise ama-anatomy ngezindlela ezihlukile, baxhumanise abakufundile ngezindlela ezihlukile, futhi bazibandakanye abafundi ngezindlela ezihlukile [44]. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi izinto zokufunda eziyiqiniso ezinjengamathuluzi e-cadaver angaba yinselele kwabanye abafundi ngokuya ngomthwalo wokuqonda okuhambisana nokufunda i-anatomy [46]. Ukuqonda umthelela womthwalo wokuqonda ekufundeni kwabafundi kanye nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukunciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda ukuze wakhe indawo engcono yokufunda kubalulekile [47, 48]. Ngaphambi kokwethula abafundi ku-Cadaveric Material, amamodeli we-3DP angaba yindlela ewusizo ukukhombisa izici eziyisisekelo nezibalulekile ze-anatomy ukuze zinciphise umthwalo wokuqonda futhi zithuthukise ukufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi bangathatha amamodeli we-3DP ekhaya ukuze babuyekezwe ngokuhlanganiswa nezincwadi zezinto zokufundisa kanye nezinto zokwakha izinkulumo futhi bandise ukufundwa kwe-anatomy ngaphezu kwelebhu [45]. Kodwa-ke, umkhuba wokususa izakhi ze-3DP azisasebenzi esikhungweni somlobi.
Kulolu cwaningo, amasampula ahlehlisiwe ayehlonishwa kakhulu kune-3DP replicas. Lesi siphetho sihambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olukhombisa ukuthi ama-cadaveric ama-cadaveric njenge-commental "yokuqala" umyalo umhlonipho futhi uzwela, ngenkathi amamodeli okufakelwa angabi [49]. Izicubu zabantu ezingokoqobo ezihleliwe zisondele futhi zinengqondo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cadaveric material kuvumela abafundi ukuthi bathuthukise izinhloso ezinobuntu nezinzuzo zokuziphatha [50]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yabafundi yamaphethini wokubala ukuhlelwa ingathinteka ngolwazi lwayo olukhulayo lwezinhlelo zokunikela ze-cadaver kanye / noma inqubo yokubuyisela. Ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwayo kunikelwa ama-cadavers alingisa uzwela, ukuncoma nokubonga ukuthi abafundi bazizwa ngabanikeli babo [10, 51]. Lezi zici zihlukanisa abahlengikazi abanobuntu futhi, uma kutshalwa, kungabasiza bathuthukise ngokomsebenzi ngokwazisa nangokuzwela iziguli [25, 37]. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nabafundisi buthule besebenzisa ukuhlakazwa komuntu omanzi [37,52,53]. Njengoba amasampula yokuhlelwa kwayo anikelwe ama-cadavers, abhekwa njengabafundisi buthule ngabafundi, abathola inhlonipho yaleli thuluzi elisha lokufundisa. Noma beyazi ukuthi amamodeli we-3DP enziwa ngemishini, asakujabulela ukuyisebenzisa. Iqembu ngalinye lizizwa linakekelwa futhi imodeli isingathwa ngokunakekela ukuze ilondoloze ubuqotho bayo. Abafundi kungenzeka bazi ukuthi amamodeli we-3DP adalwe kwimininingwane yesineke ngezinjongo zokufundisa. Esikhungweni somlobi, ngaphambi kokuba abafundi baqale isifundo esisemthethweni se-anatomy, inikezwe inkambo yokwazisa ngomlando we-anatomy, ngemuva kwalokho abafundi bafunga. Inhloso esemqoka yesifungo ukugxilisa kubafundi ukuqonda izindinganiso ezinobuntu, inhlonipho ngezinsimbi zomculo, nobungcweti. Inhlanganisela yezinsimbi zokuzibophezela kwe-anatomical nokuzibophezela kungasiza ukuqinisa umuzwa wokunakekela, inhlonipho, futhi mhlawumbe nokukhumbuza abafundi ngemisebenzi yabo yesikhathi esizayo ekuzigulini [54].
Mayelana nentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kumathuluzi okufunda, abafundi abavela ekuhleleni nasekuhlelweni kwamaqembu angama-3DP bafaka ukwesaba ukucekelwa phansi kwesakhiwo ekuhlanganyeleni kwabo nasekufundeni. Kodwa-ke, ukukhathazeka ngokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sezinhlamvu ezifuywayo kwaqokonyiswa ngesikhathi sezingxoxo zeqembu lokugxila. Lokhu kubhekwa kuqinisekiswa yizifundo ezedlule kumasampula abhalwe epulasitiki [9, 10]. Hlela umthetho, ikakhulukazi amamodeli entamo, ayadingeka ukuhlola izinhlaka ezijulile futhi aqonde ubudlelwano bendawo obunezici ezintathu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Tactile (Tactile) kanye noLwazi olubonakalayo kusiza abafundi bakhe isithombe esinemininingwane enemininingwane futhi ephelele yezingxenye zezinto ezi-55. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukukhohlisa okunobuhlakani kwezinto ezibonakalayo kunganciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda futhi kuholele ekuqondeni okungcono nokugcinwa kwemininingwane [55]. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi angeze amamodeli we-3DP ngezinhlobo zeplastiki zingathuthukisa ukusebenzisana kwabafundi ngezinhlobo ze-specimens ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulimaza izakhiwo.
Isikhathi sePosi: UJul-21-2023