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Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda ku-morphology yomuntu i-cranial morphology usebenzisa imodeli ye-geometric homology esekelwe kwidatha yokuskena kusuka kumaqembu ezinhlanga eziyi-148 emhlabeni jikelele. Le ndlela isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanele bethempulethi ukukhiqiza ama-meshes homolous ngokwenza ukuguqulwa okungelona okuqinile kusetshenziswa i-algorithm eduzane ne-ALGORITH. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya okuyinhloko kwengxenye kumamodeli angama-342 akhethiwe, ushintsho olukhulu ku-Usayizi ophelele kwatholakala futhi kuqinisekiswe ngokucacile nge-Skull encane evela eSouth Asia. Umehluko wesibili ngobukhulu ubude obubanzi bokulinganiswa kwe-Neurocranium, okhombisa umehluko phakathi kwezikhumba eziphakeme zabantu base-Afrika kanye nama-convex skulls asenyakatho esenyakatho mpumalanga ye-Asians. Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sithako sinokuncane esingakwenza ngokufaneleka kobuso. Izici zobuso ezaziwayo ezinjengezihlathi eziphumayo enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia namathambo ama-compact maxillary kubaseYurophu abulwe futhi. Lezi zinguquko zobuso zihlobene kakhulu ne-contour ye-skull, ikakhulukazi izinga lokuthambekela kwamathambo angaphambili nama-occipital. Amaphethini we-allometric atholakale ezindaweni ezilingana ngobuso ezihlobene nosayizi onke osayizi; Ezinkolweni ezinkulu ezishiwo ubuso zobuso zivame ukuba zinde futhi zincanyana, njengoba kuboniswe kubantu abaningi baseMelika basempumalanga yeNyakatho nama-Asiya asenyakatho-mpumalanga. Yize isifundo sethu singafaki idatha ekuguqukeni kwemvelo okungathonya i-cranial morphology, njengezimo zokudla noma izimo eziningi zokudla, isethi enkulu yamaphethini ama-homolous cranials izoba wusizo ekufuneni izincazelo ezihlukile zezimpawu ze-skeletental phenotypic.
Umehluko wezwe ngesimo sekhanda lesintu ufundile isikhathi eside. Abaphenyi abaningi bahlole ukwahlukahlukana kwezimo zemvelo kanye / noma ukukhethwa kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zezulu1,6,3,4,5,6,9,9,9,5,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,10, 11,12. 13.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundo zigxile emiphumeleni yamabhodlela, ukugeleza kofuzo, ukuhamba kofuzo, noma izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezibangelwa yi-gene yofuzo elingathathi hlangothi Ukwenza isibonelo, ukwakheka okuyindilinga kwe-cranial vault kuchaziwe njengokuzivumelanisa nengcindezi yokukhetha ngokusho komthetho we-Allen24, obeka izilwane ezincelisayo zinciphisa ukunciphisa umzimba ngokunciphisa umqulu we-Volusus2,4,16,17,25 . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundo zisebenzisa umthetho weBergmann26 zichaze ubudlelwano obuphakathi kosayizi we-skull kanye lokushisa3,5,16,25,27, ziphakamisa ukuthi usayizi ophelele uvame ukuba mkhulu ezifundeni ezibandayo ukuvikela ukulahleka okubandayo. Ithonya lemishini yokuxineka kwe-mastictatory kwiphethini yokukhula ye-vault ye-cranial kanye namathambo wobuso maqondana nemibandela yokudla okubangelwa amasiko okudla noma ukuhlukahluka kobuntu phakathi kwabalimi kanye nomzingeli we-Hunter -,1111222. Incazelo ejwayelekile ukuthi ingcindezi yokuhlafuna eyehlisiwe inciphisa ubunzima bethambo lobuso nemisipha. Izifundo eziningana zomhlaba wonke zixhumanise ukwehluka kwesimo se-Skull Halprity ngokuyinhloko emiphumeleni ye-phenotypic yebanga lokufukunga elingathathi hlangothi kunokuba kuguqulwe kwezemvelo21,29,30,31,32. Enye incazelo yezinguquko ekwakhekeni kwe-skull isuselwa emcabangweni we-isometric noma i-allometric Ground6,33,34,35. Isibonelo, ubuchopho obukhulu bavame ukuba nezindlela ezibanzi zangaphambili ze-lobes endaweni ebizwa nge- "Broca's Cap" esifundeni, futhi ububanzi be-lobes bangaphambili buyanda, inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ebhekwa njengokususelwa ekukhuleni kwe-allometric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lokuhlola izinguquko zesikhathi eside ku-Skull Shape uthole ukuthambekela kwe-allometric e-Brachycephaly (ukuthambekela kopheya ukuze ube yi-hersical) eyandayo
Umlando omude wocwaningo kwi-Cranial Morphology ufaka imizamo yokubona izinto eziyisisekelo ezibhekele izici ezahlukahlukene zokwehlukahlukana kwezimo zobubi. Izindlela zendabuko ezisetshenziswe ezifundweni eziningi zakuqala zazisuselwa kudatha yokulinganisa eqondile ye-bivariate, imvamisa zisebenzisa uMartin noma Izincazelo zeHowell. Ngasikhathi sinye, izifundo eziningi ezichazwe ngenhla zisebenzisa izindlela ezithuthukile ezisuselwa ku-Spatial 3D Geometric Morphometry (GM) Technology5,7,10,11,12,13,12,11,11,17,20,20,34,35,38. 39. Isibonelo, indlela eshelelayo ye-semilandrkmark indlela, ngokususelwa ekunciphiseni amandla ukuncipha, kube yindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ku-transgenic biology. Iklama ama-Semi-Landmarks of the template kwisampula ngayinye ngokushelela kanye ne-Curve noma ingaphezulu38,40,41,42,42,45,44,45,45,45,44,45,44,45,44,45,45,45,44,45,44,45,44,45,400. Kubandakanya izindlela ezinjalo, iningi lezifundo ze-3D GM zisebenzisa ukuhlaziya okubanzi okujwayelekile, iphuzu eliseduze (i-ICP) i-algorithm 47 ukuvumela ukuqhathaniswa okuqondile kobunjwa nokuthwebula izinguquko. Ngenye indlela, indlela ethambile yePlate Splene (TPS) isetshenziswa kabanzi njengendlela yokuguqula eqinile yokuthola imephu ye-Semilandmarkmark kuma-Shapes asuselwa ku-Mesh.
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezikena ezisebenzayo ze-3D zomzimba wonke kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, izifundo eziningi zisebenzise izikena zomzimba wonke ze-3D zosayizi wesayizi50,51. Idatha yokuskena yayisetshenziselwa ukukhipha ubukhulu bomzimba, okudinga ukuchaza ukwakheka komhlaba njengendawo ephansi kunokuba amafu akhomba. Iphethini efanelekile yindlela ethuthukisiwe yale njongo emkhakheni wehluzo zekhompyutha, lapho ukwakheka komhlaba kuchazwa khona yimodeli ye-polygonal mesh. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokufaneleka amaphethini ukulungiselela imodeli ye-mesh ukuyisebenzisa njengethempulethi. Amanye ama-vertices akha iphethini ayimigwaqo yangempela. Ithempulethi bese likhubazeka futhi livumelaniswe ebusweni ukuthi linciphise ibanga phakathi kwethempulethi nefu lephuzu ngenkathi kugcinwa izici zesimo sendawo sethempulethi. Izimpawu zomhlaba kuthempulethi zihambelana nezimpawu ze-Landmark efwini lamaphuzu. Usebenzisa ithempulethi efanelekile, yonke imininingwane yokuskena ingachazwa njengemodeli ye-mesh ngenombolo efanayo yamaphoyinti wedatha kanye ne-topology efanayo. Yize i-homology eqondile ikhona kuphela ezikhundleni eziwumhlaba, ingacatshangelwa ukuthi kune-general homology phakathi kwamamodeli akhiqizwayo selokhu izinguquko ejometry zethempulethi zincane. Ngakho-ke, amamodeli wegridi adalwe yi-template efanelekile kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amamodeli we-homology52. Inzuzo ye-template efanelekayo ukuthi ithempulethi ingakhubazeka futhi iguqulwe ibe yizingxenye ezahlukahlukene zento ebheke phezulu esondele kakhulu ebusweni kodwa kuze kube manje (ngokwesibonelo, i-zygomatic arch kanye nesifunda sesikhumba) ngaphandle kokuthinta ngayinye Okunye. deformation. Ngale ndlela, ithempulethi ingavikeleka ezintweni zokubopha njenge-torso noma ingalo, ngehlombe endaweni yokuma. Okubi kakhulu kwethempulethi efanelekile yizindleko eziphakeme zokuncintisana zama-Iteration eziphindaphindwayo, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokuthuthuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwekhompyutha, lokhu akuseyona inkinga. Ngokuhlaziya amanani wokuxhumanisa ama-vertices akha imodeli ye-meth esebenzisa amasu wokuhlaziya we-multivariete anjengohlaziyi oluyinhloko lokuhlaziywa (i-PCA), kungenzeka ukuthi uhlaziye izinguquko kulo lonke umumo obonakalayo kunoma yisiphi isikhundla ekusatshalalisweni. ingamukelwa. Bala futhi ubone ngeso lengqondo53. Kulezi zinsuku, amamodeli we-mesh akhiqizwe yithempulethi efanelekile asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyweni kwesimo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene52 54,55,56,57,58,59,5,55,59,60.
Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokuqoshwa okuguqukayo kwe-Mesh Recorder, ehambisana nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamadivayisi wokuthwebula we-3D akwazi ukuskena ekuxazululeni okuphezulu, ngejubane, nokwenza kube lula ukurekhoda idatha ye-3D engaphansi kwendawo. Ngakho-ke, emkhakheni we-anthropology yemvelo, ubuchwepheshe obusha obunjalo buthuthukisa amandla okuhlaziya futhi bahlaziye izibalo izinhlobo zomuntu, kufaka phakathi ama-skull specimens, okuyinhloso yalolu cwaningo.
Ngamafuphi, lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile be-homology modeling kususelwa ekufanisweni kwesifanekiso (Umdwebo 1) ukuhlola izinhlobo ezingama-gwell ezingama-342 ezikhethiwe kusuka kubantu abangu-148 emhlabeni jikelele ngokuqhathanisa kwezwe. Ukwehluka kwe-cranial morphology (Ithebula 1). Ukuphendula izinguquko ku-Skull Morphology, safaka isicelo se-PCA kanye nesimilo esisebenzayo (i-ROC) sihlaziya kwisethi yedatha yemodeli ye-Homoloys esiyenzile. Okutholakele kuzoba nomthelela ekuqondeni okungcono kwezinguquko zomhlaba ku-cranial morphology, kufaka phakathi amaphethini wesifunda kanye nokuncipha kwe-oda lokushintsha, izinguquko ezihlobene phakathi kwezindawo ze-cranial, kanye nokuthambekela kwe-allometric. Yize lolu cwaningo lungabhekise ukuguquguquka okuphezulu okumelelwa yisimo sezulu noma izimo zokudla ezingathonya i-cranial morphology, amaphethini we-cranial morphology abhalwe esifundweni sethu azosiza ekuguqukeni kwezemvelo, i-biomechanical, kanye nofuzo lokuhlukahluka kwezemvelo.
Ithebula 2 libonisa ama-Eigenvalues kanye ne-PCA Iminikelo Coefficients esetshenziswe ku-dataset engacacisiwe yama-vertices angama-17,709 (amamodeli we-53,127 xyz) amamodeli angama-342 e-homolovous skull. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwahlonzwa izingxenye eziyi-14 eziphambili, umnikelo wazo wokwehluka okuphelele wawungaphezu kwe-1%, kanye nesabelo esiphelele sokwehluka sasingama-83.68%. Ama-veector alayisha ezinto eziyi-14 eziphambili aqoshwa kuthebula elengeziwe S1, kanti amaphuzu engxenye ebalwa amasampula we-skull angama-342 avezwa kuthebula elengeziwe S2.
Lolu cwaningo luhlole izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye ezinkulu ngeminikelo emikhulu kune-2%, ezinye zazo zibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwezwe nokubaluleka kwezwe ku-cranial morphology. Umdwebo 2 ama-curves akhiqizwa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-ROC ukukhombisa izakhi ze-PCA eziphumelela kakhulu zokubonisa noma ukuhlukanisa inhlanganisela ngayinye yamasampula kuma-anples amasampula aphesheya kwamanye amazwe (isib. Phakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika nangewona afrika). Inhlanganisela yePolynesia ayihloliwe ngenxa yosayizi omncane wesampula osetshenziswe kulolu vivinyo. Idatha ephathelene nokubaluleka komehluko ku-AUC nezinye izibalo eziyisisekelo ezibalwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROC kuboniswa kuthebula elengeziwe S3.
I-ROC curves yasetshenziswa izilinganiso eziyinhloko eziyisishiyagalolunye ezisuselwa kudathabhethi ye-vertex equkethe amamodeli angama-342 wesikhumba we-homorolous. I-AUC: Indawo engaphansi kwejika ku-0.01% Ukubaluleka okusetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa inhlanganisela yendawo ngayinye kwezinye izinhlanganisela eziphelele. I-TPF iyiqiniso (Ukubandlululwa okusebenzayo), i-FPF ingukuhle (ukubandlululwa okungalungile).
Ukuhunyushwa kwejika le-ROC kufingqiwe ngezansi, kugxile kuphela kwizakhi ezingahlukanisa amaqembu okuqhathanisa ngokuba ne-AUC enkulu noma enkulu kakhulu kanye nenqanaba eliphakeme lokubaluleka nge-0.001 ephezulu. I-South Asia Complex (Fig. 2A), ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi amasampula avela eNdiya, ahluka kakhulu kwamanye amasampula ahlanganiswe endaweni lapho i-AUC yokuqala (PC1) ine-AUC (0.856 ekhulu kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinto. Isici se-African Complex (Fig. 2b) yi-AUC2 enkulu ye-PC2 (0.834). I-Austro-melenesia (Fig. 2c) ikhombise ukuthambekela okufanayo kubantu baseSuch-Sahara base-PC2 nge-AUC2 enkulu (0.759). AbaseYurophu (Fig. 2D) bahluka ngokucacile ekuhlanganiseni kwe-PC2 (AUC = 0.801), i-PC4 (AUC = 0.719), i-PC6 (AUC. 2E), i-PC6 (ANTRAIAN PAMPALI (AND. 2E) yehluka kakhulu ku-PC4, ngokulinganayo mkhulu u-0.714, futhi umehluko kusuka ku-PC3 ubuthakathaka (AUC = 0.688). Amaqembu alandelayo aphinde akhonjwe ngamanani aphansi we-AUC kanye namazinga aphezulu aphezulu: Imiphumela ye-PC7 (AUC = 0.679) kanye ne-PC1 (AUC = 0.659) Izici ezihambisana nalezi zingxenye, iningizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia (Fig. 2g) zihlukaniswe kulo lonke i-PC3 (AUC = 0.660) kanye ne-PC9 (AUC = 0.663), kepha iphethini yamasampula eMiddle East (Fig. I-Afrika) ehambelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye akukho mehluko omkhulu.
Esinyathelweni esilandelayo, ukutolika ngokubonakalayo vertices exhumeke kakhulu, izindawo zobuso ezinamanani aphezulu umthwalo omkhulu kuno-x, y, futhi z ukuqondisa imininingwane, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Indawo ebomvu ikhombisa ukuxhumeka okuphezulu Izixhumanisi ze-X-axis, ezihambelana nesiqondisi esivundlile. Isifunda esiluhlaza sixhumeka kakhulu ngokuxhumanisa okuqondile kwe-axis y axis, futhi isifunda esimnyama esiluhlaza sihlobene kakhulu nokuxhumanisa kwe-sagittal ye-axis ye-z. Isifunda esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sihlotshaniswa nezimbazo ze-y zokuxhumanisa kanye ne-z zixhumanisa izembe; Pink - Indawo ehlanganisiwe ehlotshaniswa ne-X no-Z ukuhlanganisa izembe; I-Yellow - Indawo ehlotshaniswa ne-X no-Y Hlela izimbazo; Indawo emhlophe iqukethe i-X, Y no-Z Cordinate Exx ebonisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kulokhu kuguguleka kwenani lomthwalo, i-PC 1 kuhlotshaniswa ikakhulukazi nomphezulu we-skull. Umumo we-3 sd oguqukayo ngakolunye uhlangothi lwalesi sifundo se-axis aboniswa kulesi sibalo, futhi izithombe ezihlaseli zethulwe ku-applement video S1 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PC1 iqukethe izinto zosayizi we-skull jikelele.
Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa kwe-PC1 (I-Colour Fit Curve), Imephu yombala ye-Skull Surface ixhumeke kakhulu ngama-PC1 verti izikhwama ezihlangene zalesi siphithiphithi i-3. ka-50 mm.
Umdwebo 3 ukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokusatshalaliswa imvamisa (ijika elijwayelekile le-fit) lezikolo ezine ze-PC1 ezibalwa ngokwahlukana ngamayunithi we-9. Ngaphezu kwezilinganiso ze-ROC Curve (Umdwebo 2), izilinganiso zaseNingizimu Asians ngezinga elithile zihlelwe kakhulu ngakwesobunxele ngoba ama-skulls abo mancane kunawo amanye amaqembu ezifunda. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe etafuleni 1, laba baseNingizimu Asia bamele izinhlanga eNdiya kufaka phakathi iziqhingi ze-Andaman naseNicobar, eSri Lanka neBangladesh.
I-coefflical enobukhulu itholakale ku-PC1. Ukutholwa kwezifunda ezixhumeke kakhulu nezinkwa ezibonakalayo kuholele ekuqondeni kwezici zefomu ezingezona ngaphandle kwe-PC1; Kodwa-ke, izici zikasayizi azihlali ziqedwa ngokuphelele. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngokuqhathanisa ama-roc curve (Umdwebo 2), i-PC2 ne-PC4 bekungukuthi abandlululo kakhulu, abalandelwa yi-PC6 ne-PC7. I-PC3 ne-PC9 zisebenza kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni inani labantu besampula kumayunithi wendawo. Ngakho-ke, la mabili ama-aze ahlukaniswe amasu abonisa izikolo ze-PC kanye nezindawo zemibala ezixhumene kakhulu nengxenye ngayinye, kanye nokukhubazeka kwesimo esibonakalayo ngobukhulu bezinhlangothi ezi-3 (amakhiwane. 4, 5, 6). Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-convex hull kwamasampula kusuka kuyunithi ngayinye yendawo okumelelwa kulezi ziza cishe ama-90%, yize kukhona isilinganiso esithile sokunqamula ngaphakathi kwamaqoqo. Ithebula 3 linikeza incazelo yengxenye ngayinye ye-PCA.
Iskete se-PC2 kanye ne-PC4 izikolo zabantu baseCranials kusuka kumayunithi we-Cranials avela kumayunithi we-Nine Geographic (Phezulu) kanye namayunithi amane we-geographic (ezansi), iziza zombala we-vertices zihlanganiswe kakhulu nge-PC ngayinye (okuhlobene ne-X, y, z). Ukuchazwa kombala kwama-axes: Bona umbhalo), kanye nodoti wefomu elibonakalayo ezinhlangothini eziphambene nalezi zembazo zingama-3 sd. Isikali siyindawo eluhlaza okotshani onobubanzi obungu-50 mm.
Iskiphu ye-PC6 ne-PC7 izikolo ze-PC7 zabantu abangama-cranial kusuka kumayunithi we-Nine Geographic (Phezulu) namayunithi amabili we-geographic (phansi), ama-cranial (phansi ama-cranial (ezansi) ama-cranials color plotes ama-vertices axhumeke kakhulu nge-PC ngayinye (ehlobene ne-X, y, z). Ukuchazwa kombala kwama-axes: Bona umbhalo), kanye nodoti wefomu elibonakalayo ezinhlangothini eziphambene nalezi zembazo zingama-3 sd. Isikali siyindawo eluhlaza okotshani onobubanzi obungu-50 mm.
Iskete se-PC3 kanye ne-PC9 Izikolo zabantu base-Cranials kusuka kumayunithi we-Cranials avela kumayunithi we-Nine Geographic (Phezulu) kanye namayunithi amathathu we-Geographic (phansi), kanye nezindawo zombala we-X, y, z axs) ama-vertices ahambelana nencazelo ngayinye yombala we-PC : cm. Umbhalo), kanye nokukhubazeka kwesimo esibonakalayo ezinhlangothini eziphambene nalezi zimbazo ngobukhulu be-3 SD. Isikali siyindawo eluhlaza okotshani onobubanzi obungu-50 mm.
Kugrafu ekhombisa izikolo ze-PC2 ne-PC4 (Fig. 4, amavidiyo angezelelwe i-S2, S3 ekhombisa izithombe ezidonswayo), imephu yombala wangaphandle iyakhonjiswa lapho isethi yenani lomthwalo libekwe ngaphezulu kune-0.4, eliphansi kune-PC1 ngoba Inani le-PC2 Lo mthwalo ophelele ungaphansi kwe-PC1.
Ukunwebeka kwama-lobes angaphambili futhi e-occipital endaweni yakwa-sagittal eceleni kwe-z-axis (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kanye ne-parietal lobe endaweni epinki (ebomvu) kwi-occiput (eluhlaza) ne-axis ye-z ebunzini (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Le grafu ikhombisa izikolo zabo bonke abantu emhlabeni jikelele; Kodwa-ke, lapho zonke amasampula aqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqembu ziboniswa ndawonye ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhunyushwa kwamaphethini wokusakaza kunzima ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokunqamula; Ngakho-ke, kusuka kuma-Units amane amakhulu kuphela (ie, i-Afrika, i-Australiasia-melanesia, eYurophu, kanye neNortheast Asia), amasampula ahlakazeka ngaphansi kwegrafu enobubanzi be-3 sd cranial deformation ngaphakathi kwalolu banga lwama-PC. Esinambeni, i-PC2 ne-PC4 ngamabili wezikolo. Abantu base-Afrika kanye nabase-Austro-lelanesians bangenele ngokwengeziwe futhi basatshalaliswa babheke ohlangothini lwesokunene, kanti abaseYurophu behlakazeka babheke phezulu kwesokunxele nangasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia base-Asia bavame ukubhebhethekisa kwesobunxele. I-axis evundlile ye-PC2 ikhombisa ukuthi ama-melanesian ase-Afrika / ase-Australia ane-neurocranium ende kunabanye abantu. I-PC4, lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwe-European and mpumalanga ye-Asia kuhlukaniswe ngokukhululekile, kuhlotshaniswa nosayizi ohlobene nokuqagela kwamathambo e-Zygomatic kanye ne-lateral contour yeCalvarium. Isikimu sokushaya amagoli sibonisa ukuthi abantu baseYurophu bane-maxillary maxillary maxillary namathambo e-assomatic, isikhala esincane se-fosta esilinganiselwe, ithambo eliphakeme eliphakeme, kanti i-vertivay mbone, kanti i-mpumalanga ye-odipital, ngenkathi i-averomatic mbone evelele kabanzi . I-lobe yangaphambili ithambekele, isisekelo sethambo le-occipital liyaphakanyiswa.
Lapho ugxile kwi-PC6 ne-PC7 (Fig. 5) (Amavidiyo okungeziwe S4, s5 ekhombisa izithombe ezidonswayo), i-PCOT yombala ikhombisa umkhawulo wevelu yomthwalo omkhulu kuno-0,3, okukhombisa ukuthi i-PC6 ihambisana ne-maxillary noma i-alveolar morphology (ebomvu: x axis kanye luhlaza). Y axis), ukwakheka kwamathambo okwesikhashana (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: y kanye z axes) kanye ne-occipital bone ukwakheka (pink: x kanye no-z axes). Ngaphezu kobubanzi bebunzini (obomvu: I-X-axis), i-PC7 futhi ixhumanisa nokuphakama kwe-alvellical alveoli (eluhlaza: i-y-axis ukwakheka kwesifunda sase-z-axis esifundeni se-z-axis ezungeze isifunda se-parietotoporal (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Kuphaneli ephezulu yesithombe 5, wonke amasampula endawo asatshalaliswa ngokuya ngezikolo zePC6 ne-PC7. Ngoba i-ROC ikhombisa ukuthi i-PC6 iqukethe izici ezihlukile eYurophu futhi i-PC7 zimele izici zomdabu zaseMelika kulokhu kuhlaziywa, la masampula amabili wesifunda akhethiwe kulolu hlangene kulo mbhangqwana kule pair le-anj yezakhi. Abantu bomdabu baseMelika, yize kufakwe kabanzi kusampula, kusakazeke ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesobunxele; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasampula amaningi aseYurophu athambekele ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla. I-PC6 ye-PC6 ne-PC7 imele inqubo ebanzi ye-alveolar kanye ne-neurorranium ebanzi yabaseYurophu, kuyilapho amaMelika ebonakala ebunzini elincane, inqubo enkulu futhi ebanzi ne-allowari.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROC kukhombisa ukuthi i-PC3 kanye / noma i-PC9 kwakuyinto evamile ezindaweni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia zase-Asia. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, ama-Score Pairs PC3 (ubuso obuphezulu obuphezulu e-y-axis) kanye ne-PC9 (ubuso obuphansi obuluhlaza ku-y-axis) (Umdwebo ophansi ku-S6, S7 ahlinzeke ngezithombe ze-East Asia. , okuqhathanisa kakhulu ngokulingana okuphezulu kweNortheast Asians kanye nokwakheka kobuso obuphansi baseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngaphandle kwalezi zici zobuso, elinye isimilo samanye ama-anyandlu asempumalanga ne-Asia amathambo e-occipital, kanti amanye aseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia anesisekelo esincane se-skull.
Lencazelo engenhla yezakhi eziphambili kanye nencazelo ye-PC5 ne-PC8 kushiywe ngoba azikho izici ezithile zesifunda ezitholwe phakathi kwamayunithi wendawo ayisishiyagalolunye. I-PC5 isho usayizi wenqubo ye-mastoid yethambo lesikhashana, futhi i-PC8 ikhombisa i-asymmetry ye-Skull Rasem, zombili zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okuhambisanayo phakathi kwenhlanganisela yesampula yendawo eyisishiyagalolunye.
Ngaphezu kokuhlaziya izikolo ze-PCA ze-PCA ngazinye, siphinde futhi sinikeze ama-Scatterp Plulas we-Group ngezindlela zokuqhathanisa enke. Kuze kube manje, kudalwe imodeli ye-Cranial Homology ephakathi kwesethi ye-Vertex ye-Vertex Iqoqo lamamodeli ama-Homology avela ezinhlotsheni eziyi-148. I-Bivariate Plots yamasethi wesikolo se-PC2 ne-PC4, i-PC6 ne-PC7, ne-PC3 ne-PC3 kuboniswa ku-Supplemental Figual S1, konke kubalwe njengemodeli ye-skull ephakathi kwabanye abangu-148. Ngale ndlela, akezelakisa ukucaphuka umehluko ngamunye eqenjini ngalinye, okuvumela ukuhunyushwa okucacile kokufana kwesikhumba ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwesifunda, lapho amaphethini aqondanisa khona nalabo ababoniswayo. Isibalo se-S2 sibonisa imodeli ephelele yokwenziwa kwendawo ngayinye.
Ngaphezu kwe-PC1, eyayihlotshaniswa nosayizi ophelele (Ithebula Lesengezo S2), ubudlelwano be-allometric phakathi kosayizi be-genel Ama-allometric coefficients, amanani aqhubekayo, amanani we-T, namavelu e-P ekuhlolweni okubonakalayo aboniswa kuThebula 4. Azikho izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-allometric ezihlotshaniswa nosayizi we-skull ophelele zitholwe kunoma iyiphi i-cranial morphology esezingeni P <0.05 level.
Ngoba ezinye izinto zosayizi zingafakwa kwizilinganiso ze-PC ezisuselwa kumasethi wedatha angajwayelekile, siphinde sahlola ukuthambekela kwe-allometric phakathi kwe-centroid usayizi kanye nezikolo ze-PC zibaliwe kusetshenziswa idatha yamathebula e-S6 ). , C7). Ithebula 4 libonisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-allometric. Ngakho-ke, kutholakala izitayela ze-allometric ezibalulekile ku-1% level ku-PC6 nasezingeni eli-5% ku-PC10. Umdwebo 7 ukhombisa imithambeka yokubuyisana yalaba budlelwane bomugqa phakathi kwezikolo ze-PC kanye ne-Centroid usayizi we-dummies (± 3 sd) ekugcineni kosayizi we-log centroid. I-PC6 Score isilinganiselo sokuphakama okuhlobene nobubanzi be-skull. Njengoba usayizi wekhanda enyuka, isikhumba nobuso buba buphakeme, ibunzi, izisekelo zamehlo namakhala kuvame ukusondelana ngokulandelana. Iphethini yokuhlakazwa kwesampula iphakamisa ukuthi le ngxenye imvamisa itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseMartelity American. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PC10 ikhombisa inkambiso ekunciphiseni okulinganayo e-Midface Wound ngaphandle kwesifunda.
Okwebudlelwano obubalulekile bezabelo ezisohlwini etafuleni, umthambeka wokubuyiselwa komugqa we-log-line uhlangothi oluphilayo lwe-4.
Iphethini elandelayo yezinguquko ku-cranial morphology ikhonjiswe ngokuhlaziywa kwemininingwane yamamodeli we-3D ongaphezulu we-3D. Ingxenye yokuqala ye-PCA ihlobene nosayizi ophelele we-skull. Sekuyisikhathi eside kucatshangelwa ukuthi ama-skulls amancane aseNingizimu Asia, okubandakanya ama-spimens avela eNdiya, eSri Lanka naseThaman Islands, e-Bangladesh, ahambisana nomthetho we-ecogeographic noma isiqhingi saseBergmann's Ecogeographic noma i-Island Rule613,5,16,25, 27,62. Owokuqala uhlobene nokushisa, kanti okwesibili kuncike esikhaleni esikhona kanye nezinsizakusebenza zokudla ze-niche yemvelo. Phakathi kwezingxenye zokwakheka, ushintsho olukhulu kunazo zonke isilinganiso sobude nobubanzi bendawo yokuphumula ye-cranial. Lesi sici, siqoke i-PC2, sichaza ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwezikhumba eziphakeme kakhulu ze-Skulls e-Austro-reesesians kanye nama-Afrika, kanye nokwehluka okuvela ezitsheni eziyindilinga zama-Europeans nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asians. Lezi zici ziye zabikwa ezifundweni eziningi zangaphambilini ezisuselwa ezilinganisweni ezilula eziqondile37,63,64. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhakha uhlotshaniswa ne-brachycephaly kwabangewona ama-Afrika, okuyisikhathi eside kuxoxiwe ngezifundo ze-anthropometric ne-osteometric. I-hypothesis eyinhloko ngemuva kwale ncazelo iye yehla ubunkulunkulu, njengokuncipha kwemisipha ye-tecalis, kunciphisa ingcindezi ngesimo sangaphandle5,8,9,10,11,12,13. Enye i-hypothesis ifaka ukuguqulwa kwezimo zezulu ezibandayo ngokunciphisa indawo engaphezulu yekhanda, iphakamisa ukuthi inqwaba ye-spherical inciphisa indawo engaphezulu ye-suple kunokwakheka okuyindilinga, ngokusho kwemithetho ye-Allen16,17,25. Ngokusekelwe kwimiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje, lezi hypotheses zingahlolwa kuphela ngokususelwa ekuxhumekeni kwesiphambano sezingxenye ze-cranial. Ngamafuphi, imiphumela yethu ye-PCA ayisekeli ngokugcwele i-hypothesis isilinganiso sobude be-cranial ithonywa kakhulu yizimo zokuhlafuna, njengoba i-PC2 (Ingxenye ye-PC2 (i-PC2 (Ingxenye ye-PC2 (Ingxenye ende / ye-BRACHYPHCIC) ibingahlobene kakhulu nezilinganiso zobuso (kufaka phakathi ubukhulu obukhulu). kanye nendawo ehlobene ne-fossa yesikhashana (ekhombisa ivolumu yemisipha ye-tecalis). Ukutadisha kwethu kwamanje akuzange kuhlaziye ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Skull Shape kanye nezimo zemvelo zemvelo ezinjengokushisa; Kodwa-ke, incazelo esekelwe ekubuseni kuka-Allen ingahle icubungule ukucubungula njenge-hypothesiveresive scountive ukuchaza i-brachycephalon ezindaweni ezibandayo sezulu.
Ukuhluka okukhulu kwabe sekutholakala ku-PC4, kuphakamisa ukuthi iNortheer verseast Asians inamathambo amakhulu, avelele ama-Zygomatic emathanjeni we-maxilla namathambo eZygomatic. Lokhu okutholayo kuyahambisana nesici esimisiwe esiqondene neSiberiya, okucatshangwa ukuthi sizivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezibanda kakhulu ngokunyakaza kwamathambo eZygomatic, okuholela ekunyuseleni kwevolumu yezono kanye nobuso bezonuka abangama-65. Ukuthola okusha okuvela kwimodeli yethu ye-homolous ukuthi ukugeleza kwesihlathi ku-Cheek Drooping e-Europers kuhlotshaniswa nomthambeka wokuncipha, kanye namathambo we-flipital kanye ne-nuchal. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia ivame ukuba namabutho ancipha futhi aphakamise izifunda ze-occipital. Ucwaningo lwethambo le-occipital usebenzisa izindlela ze-mometric Morphometric35 vele zikhombisile ukuthi ama-Skulls ase-Asia ne-Europe anejika elithambile le-nuchal kanye nesikhundla esiphansi se-Occipt ngokuqhathaniswa nama-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, ama-SpekePlots ethu e-PC2 ne-PC4 ne-PC3 kanye ne-PC9 kanye nama-PC9 amabhangqa akhombisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kuma-Asia, kanti ama-Europes abonakaliswa yisisekelo seflethi se-OccipUT ne-Occipt ephansi. Ukungahambelani kwezimpawu zase-Asia phakathi kwezifundo kungahle kube khona ukwehluka kwamasampula wezinhlanga asetshenzisiwe, njengoba senza inani elikhulu lamaqembu ezinhlanga ukusuka e-mpumalanga yenyakatho mpumalanga kanye naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izinguquko ngesimo sethambo le-occipital zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwemisipha. Kodwa-ke, le ncazelo eguquguqukayo ayikubikisi ukuxhumeka phakathi kwebunzi kanye ne-occipitut, okwaboniswa kulolu cwaningo kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuboniswe ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, kufanelekile ukucubungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwebhalansi yesisindo somzimba kanye nesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi noma i-cervical magnction (i-foramen magnum) noma ezinye izinto.
Enye ingxenye ebalulekile ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu ihlobene nentuthuko ye-mastictory appatus, emelelwa yi-maxillary ne-fossae ye-fossae, echazwa yinhlanganisela yezikolo ze-PC6, i-PC7 ne-PC4. Lokhu kuncishiswa okumakiwe ezingxenyeni ze-cranial zibonisa abantu baseYurophu bangaphezu kwanoma yiliphi elinye iqembu lendawo. Lesi sici sihunyushelwe ngenxa yokuncipha kokuqina kobuso be-morphology ngenxa yamasu okuqala okulima ezolimo nezindawo zokulungiswa kokudla, okunciphise umthwalo wemishini ohlelweni lwe-mastictory ngaphandle kwe-mastictory appatus9,12,28,66. Ngokusho komsebenzi we-mastictatory umsebenzi, 28 Lokhu kuhambisana noshintsho ekuguqukeni kwesisekelo se-skull ku-angle e-angle enkulu kakhulu nophahla lwe-cranial spherical cranial. Ukusuka kulo mbono, abantu bezolimo bavame ukuba nobuso obuhlangene, ukukhishwa okungaphansi kwe-malible, kanye nama-gunninges awolamula amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuguqulwa kungachazwa ngohlaka olujwayelekile lwesimo se-lateral sokwehla kwama-geach anezitho ze-mastictory ezincishisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwalolu cwaningo, lokhu kutolika kuyinkimbinkimbi ngoba ukubaluleka okusebenzayo kobudlelwano be-morphological phakathi kwe-neurocserium ye-globsepholos kanye nentuthuko ye-mastictory apparatus akumukeleki kangako, njengoba kubhekwa ekuchazeni kwangaphambilini kwe-PC2.
Umehluko phakathi kweNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asiasiya kanye nama-Asia aseningizimu mpumalanga kuboniswa ngumehluko phakathi kobuso obude nethambo le-skulling elomfanekiso, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-PC3 ne-PC9. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwedatha ye-geoecological, isifundo sethu sinikeza incazelo elinganiselwe kulokhu kuthola. Incazelo okungenzeka iguqulwe kwesinye isimo sezulu esihlukile noma izimo zokudla okunempilo. Ngaphezu kokuvumelana nezimo zemvelo, umehluko wendawo emlandweni wabantu baseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia nabo babhekelwa. Isibonelo, e-Eastern Eurasia, imodeli enobungqingili iye yathuthukiswa ukuba yaqonda kahle abantu abasezingeni eliphezulu (Amh) ngokusekelwe kwi-Cranial Morphometric Data67,68. Ngokusho kwale modeli, "i-tier yokuqala", okungukuthi, amaqembu okuqala ama-colonizer we-pleistocene amh, ayenomsuka oqondile noma ongaphansi e-Austro-melenesians (k. I-stratum yokuqala (ikhasi lokuqala). , kwathi kamuva wahlangana nokuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kwabantu abakhulu abangokwazoNyakatho zezolimo ngezimo zasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia (ungqimba lwesibili) esifundeni (cishe eminyakeni engama-4000 edlule). Ukugeleza koGene kusetshenziswa imodeli "emibili" kuzodingeka ukuqonda ukwakheka kwe-cranial yaseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia, kunikezwe ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-cranial yaseSouthast Asia kungancika engxenyeni yefa lendawo yokuqala.
Ngokuhlola ukufana kwe-cranial usebenzisa amayunithi we-geographic esebenzisa amamodeli anomugqa, singaphambanisa umlando wabantu abasezingeni eliphezulu kwe-AMF ezimweni ezingekho emthethweni ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ngaphandle kwe-Afrika. Amamodeli amaningi ahlukile "e-Afrika" ahlongozwa ukuchaza ukusatshalaliswa kwe-AMF ngokuya ngemininingwane yamathambo naku-genomic. Kulezi, ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi amakoloni e-AMH wezindawo ezingaphandle kwe-Afrika aqala cishe iminyaka engama-17779 edlule69,70. Kodwa-ke, ukusatshalaliswa okude kwe-AMF e-Eurasia ngalesi sikhathi kuhlala kungaqinisekile, ngoba izindawo zokuhlala zalezi zindawo zokuqala zikhawulelwe eMiddle East naseMedithera eduzane ne-Afrika. Icala elilula kakhulu liyindawo eyodwa yokuhlala kanye nendlela yokufuduka evela e-Afrika eya e-Eurasia, idlula izithiyo zendawo efana ne-Himalayas. Enye imodeli iphakamisa amagagasi amaningi okufuduka, owokuqala wawo osakazeka e-Afrika eduze nolwandle lwasolwandle lwasempumalanga e-Asia nase-Australia, bese esabalalela enyakatho ye-Eurosia. Iningi lalezi zifundo liyakuqinisekisa ukuthi i-AMF yasakazekela kude kakhulu ne-Afrika eminyakeni engaba ngu-60,000 edlule. Ngale ndlela, i-Australia-melasesian (kufaka phakathi amasampula e-papua) akhombisa ukufana okukhulu kwamasampula ase-Afrika ukwedlula noma yiluphi olunye uchungechunge lwendawo ekuhlaziyweni kwezakhi zamakhaya. Lokhu kuthola kusekela i-hypothesis amaqembu okusatshalaliswa kwe-amf okokuqala emaphethelweni aseningizimu e-Eurasia avela ngqo e-Afrika22,68 ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ze-morphological ukuphendula isimo esithile sezimo sezulu noma kwezinye izimo ezibalulekile.
Mayelana nokukhula kwezabelo, ukuhlaziya kusetshenziswa izingxenye zokwakheka ezisuselwa kwidatha ehlukile kusethwe okujwayelekile ngosayizi we-centroid ukhombise ukuthambekela kwe-alometric ne-PC10. Zombili lezi zinto zihlobene nesimo sebunzi nezingxenye zobuso, eziba mncane njengoba usayizi wekhanda uyakhuphuka. Abantu baseNortheast Asians kanye nabaseMelika bavame ukuba nalesi sici futhi babe nezikhumba ezinkulu. Lokhu kuthola kuphambanisa amaphethini abikwa ngaphambili amaphethini we-wolemetric lapho ubuchopho obukhulu abanezinhlaka ezibanzi zangaphambili ezibangelwa yi-lobes ebizwa ngokuthi yi- "broca's cap" esifundeni, okuholela ekukhulisweni kwe-lobe yangaphambili ye-lobe34. Lo mehluko uchazwa umehluko ngamasethi wesampula; Ukutadisha kwethu kuhlaziye amaphethini we-allometric kasayizi we-cranial wonke usebenzisa abantu banamuhla, kanye nezifundo zokuqhathanisa zibhekana nezimo zesikhathi eside ekuguqukeni komuntu okuhlobene nobukhulu bengqondo.
Mayelana nobuso bezabelo sobuso, isifundo esisodwa sisebenzisa idatha ye-biometric kwathola ukuthi ukwakheka kobuso nosayizi kungahle kuxhumeke kancane, kanti isifundo sethu sithola ukuthi izigaxa ezinkulu zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nobuso obude, obuncane. Kodwa-ke, ukuvumelana kwedatha ye-biometric akucaci; Ukuhlolwa kokuhlelwa kabusha kuqhathaniswa ne-atogenetic allometry kanye ne-taltic allometry khombisa imiphumela ehlukile. Ukuthambekela kwe-allometric ekwakheni ngesimo sokudotshwa kwesigaxa ngenxa yokuphakama okwandayo nakho kubikwe; Kodwa-ke, asizange sihlaziye idatha ukuphakama. Isifundo sethu siyakhombisa ukuthi ayikho idatha ye-allometric ekhombisa ukuxhumeka phakathi kwezilinganiso ze-cranial flogial kanye nosayizi we-cranial ophelele we-SE.
Yize ucwaningo lwethu lwamanje alubhekane nedatha ekuguqukelweni kwe-extrensic okumelelwa yisimo sezulu noma izimo zokudla okungenzeka ukuthi zithonye i-cranial morphology, isethi enkulu ye-Cranial Granial Force Models esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo izosiza ukuhlola ukwahluka okuhlobene nokufakelwa kwengqondo. Izici zezemvelo ezifana nokudla, isimo sezulu kanye nemikhuba yokudla okunempilo, kanye namandla angathathi hlangothi njengokufuduka, ukuhamba kofuzo kanye ne-genetic Drift.
Lolu cwaningo lufake izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingama-342 zezikhwanyana zesilisa eziqoqwe kusuka ku-148 yabantu kumayunithi we-9 we-Geographic (Ithebula 1). Amaqembu amaningi angokwezindawo zomdabu, kuyilapho amanye amaqembu e-Afrika, enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, empumalanga / mpumalanga ye-Asia kanye namaMelika (abhalwe kumalukeke) achazwe ngokokuziphatha. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-cranials zikhethwe kusuka ku-danabase yokulinganisa ye-cranial ngokusho kwencazelo yokulinganisa iMartin Cranial enikezwe yi-Tsunehiko hanihara. Sikhethe ama-skulls wesilisa amele kuwo wonke amaqembu ezinhlanga emhlabeni. Ukuhlonza amalungu eqembu ngalinye, sabala amabanga we-Euclidaan ngokususelwa ezilinganisweni ezingama-37 zaseCranial ezivela eqenjini zisho kubo bonke abantu abangabalo babantu. Ezimweni eziningi, sikhethe amasampula angu-1-4 ngebanga elincane kakhulu ukusuka kulokho okushiwo (itafula elengeziwe S4). Kulawa maqembu, amanye amasampula akhethwe ngokungahleliwe uma bengafakwanga ohlwini database lokulinganisa lwe-hahara.
Ngokuqhathaniswa kwezibalo, amasampula enani labantu abangu-148 abehlukaniswe ngamayunithi amakhulu wendawo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1. Iqembu le- "African" liqukethe amasampula esifundeni esingezansi seSahara. Izici ezivela eNyakatho Afrika zifakiwe empumalanga "eMiddle East" kanye nezinhlamvu ezivela eWest Asia ezinezimo ezifanayo. Iqembu laseNortheast Asia lifaka kuphela abantu abangewona izizukulwane zaseYurophu, kanti iqembu laseMelika lifaka amaMelika kuphela. Ikakhulu, leli qembu lisatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu yamazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, sibheka isampula le-US ngaphakathi kwaleli yunithi elilodwa lendawo, elinikezwe umlando wabantu baseMelika ababhekwa njengabantu abasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kungakhathalekile ukufuduka okuningi kwama-80.
Siqophe idatha ye-3D engaphezulu yalezi zinhlobo ze-skull ezihlukile zisebenzisa isithwebuli se-3D esiphakeme (i-Einscan Pro ngokushintshana Imodeli ye-Mesh iqukethe cishe ama-vertices angama-200,000- 400,000, futhi isoftware efakiwe isetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa izimbobo nemiphetho ebushelelezi.
Esinyathelweni sokuqala, sasisebenzisa idatha yokuskena kusuka kunoma iyiphi i-Skull ukudala imodeli ye-Mesh Skull eyodwa equkethe ama-vertices angama-4485 (Ubuso be-polygonal abangama-872). Isisekelo sesifunda se-skull, esihlanganisa ithambo le-sphonoid, ithambo lesikhashana lesikhashana, i-palate, i-alveoli yama-malillary, namazinyo, yasuswa kwimodeli ye-template mesh. Isizathu ukuthi lezi zinhlaka kwesinye isikhathi aziphelele noma zinzima ukuzigcwalisa ngenxa yezingxenye ezincanyana noma ezicijile ezinjengezindawo ze-Photergoid nezinqubo ze-styloid kanye / noma iqoqo lamazinyo. Isisekelo se-Skull sizungeze i-Foramen Magnum, kufaka phakathi isisekelo, sasingaziwa ngoba lesi yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yendawo yokuhlangana komlomo wesibeletho nokuphakama kwekhanda kufanele kuhlolwe. Sebenzisa izindandatho zesibuko ukwakha isifanekiso esivumelanayo ezinhlangothini zombili. Yenza ama-isotropic meshing ukuguqula ama-polygonal bobunjwa abe njengokulingana ngangokunokwenzeka.
Okulandelayo, izimpawu ezingama-56 zakwa-56 zabelwa ama-vertices ahambelana nawo ahambelana nemodeli yethempulethi esebenzisa isoftware ye-HBM-Rugle. Izilungiselelo zomhlaba ziqinisekisa ukunemba nokuqina kokuma komhlaba wonke futhi kuqinisekiswe i-Homology yalezi zindawo emodeli ye-Homology ekhiqizwayo. Zingakhonjwa ngokuya ngezimpawu zazo ezithile, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula Lesengezo S3 kanye ne-Extractive Figure S3. Ngokusho kwencazelo ye-Bookstein's 81, iningi lalezi zimpawu zomhlaba zingamaphawundi atholakala ezindaweni zokuhlangana ezintathu, kanti ezinye zingamaphawu e-Type II ezinamaphuzu we-curvature ephezulu. Izimpawu eziningi ze-Landmarks zidluliselwe kusuka kumaphoyinti achazwa ngezilinganiso ze-cranial eziqondile encazelweni kaMartin 36. Sichaze izimpawu ezifanayo ezingama-56 zamamodeli ezinhlamvu ezingama-342, ezabelwe ngesandla amamodeli avumelanayo afanayo ukukhiqiza amamodeli we-homology alandelayo engxenyeni elandelayo.
Uhlelo lwe-Head-Centric Cordinate System lwachazwa ukuchaza idatha ye-Scan kanye nethempulethi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Supplementary S4. Indiza ye-XZ iyindiza evundlile evundlile edlula endaweni ephezulu kakhulu (incazelo kaMartin: Ingxenye) yomaphetheli ophakeme wemisele yangakwesobunxele neyangaphandle yokucwaninga nephuzu eliphansi kakhulu (incazelo kaMartin: Orbit) woMphakathi wesobunxele . . I-axis X i-Axis ingumugqa oxhumanisa izinhlangothi zesobunxele nakwesokudla, futhi u-x + ungohlangothi lwesokunene. Indiza ye-YZ idlula phakathi kwezingxenye zesobunxele nakwesokudla kanye nempande yekhala: y + phezulu, z + phambili. Iphoyinti lesethenjwa (imvelaphi: Ukudidiyelwa kwe-Zero) kusethwe ekuxhumaneni kwendiza ye-YZ (MidPlane), i-XZ Plane (Planfort Plane) ne-XY Plane).
Sisebenzise isoftware ye-HBM-Rugled (Engineering ye-Medic, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) ukudala imodeli ye-mesh homolous ngokwenza amaphoyinti we-template afanele (uhlangothi lwesobunxele lwesithombe 1). Ingxenye yesoftware eyinhloko, eyasungulwa yisikhungo socwaningo lwe-Digital Human e-Advanced Industrial Science Science and Technology eJapan, ibizwa nge-HBM futhi inemisebenzi yokuthola amamodeli we-langer isebenzisa ama-surfance82. Uhlobo lwesoftware elandelayo (MHBM) 83 lwengeze isici sephethini efanelekile ngaphandle kwezimpawu zomhlaba ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza okufanele. I-HBM-Rugle ihlanganisa isoftware ye-MHBM ngezinto ezingeziwe ezisebenziseka kalula kubandakanya izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngokwezifiso nezinqubo zokufaka kabusha idatha yokufaka. Ukwethenjwa kokunemba okufanele kwesoftware kuqinisekisiwe ezifundweni eziningi52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Lapho kufanele ilingane ne-template ye-HBM-Rugled usebenzisa izimpawu zomhlaba, imodeli ye-template's Mesh Superimposed kuhloswe ngethagethi yokubhaliswa ngokuqinile kususelwa kubuchwepheshe be-ICP (ukunciphisa isamba samabanga phakathi kwethempulethi kanye nedatha yethage), futhi Lapho-ke ngokuguqulwa okungelona okuqinile kwe-mesh kuvumelanise isifanekiso kwidatha yokuskena kwelitshe. Le nqubo efanelekile iphindwe kathathu isebenzisa amanani ahlukene amapharamitha amabili afanele ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kokufanele. Enye yalezi zinhlaka zalaba zikhawulela ibanga phakathi kwe-template grid modeli kanye nedatha yokuskena kwelitshe, kanti enye inhlamposo yebanga phakathi kwezimpawu zethempulethi nezimpawu zomhlaba eziqondiwe. Imodeli ye-template ye-templed template yasungulwa kusetshenziswa i-cyclic surface sucdivision algorithm 82 ukudala imodeli ye-mesh ecwengiwe equkethe ama-vertices ayi-17,7,928). Ekugcineni, imodeli yegrenga elihlanganisiwe le-template grid lilungele idatha yokuskena kwelitshe ukukhiqiza imodeli ye-homology. Njengoba izindawo ze-Landmark zihluke kancane kulokho okusedatha yethagethi yethagethi, imodeli ye-Homoloys yahlelwa kahle ukubachazela ukusebenzisa i-Head Orientation Coordiation uhlelo esedlule oluchazwe esigabeni esedlule esichazwe esigabeni esedlule. Ibanga elijwayelekile phakathi kwezimpawu zomhlaba ezihambelana nemodeli ehambisanayo nedatha yokuthwebula okuqondiwe kuwo wonke amasampula kwakungu- <0.01 mm. Kubalwa kusetshenziswa umsebenzi we-HBM-Rugle, ibanga eliphakathi phakathi kwamaphoyinti wedatha ye-Homology Model kanye nethagethi ye-CORT SCAN kwakungu-0.322 mm (itafula elengeziwe S2).
Ukuchaza ushintsho ku-cranial morphology, ama-vertices angama-17,709 (ama-53,127 xyz) awo wonke amamodeli we-homolous ahlaziywe ngokuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko (i-PCA) esebenzisa isoftware ye-HBS eyenziwe yisikhungo se-Advanced Industrial Science neTechnology. , Japan (Destiper Dealler: Engineering Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/). Sibe sesizama ukufaka isicelo se-PCA kwimininingwane engalinganiselwe yedatha kanye nedatha ebekwe ngokujwayelekile ngosayizi we-centroid. Ngakho-ke, i-PCA esekelwe kwidatha engabonakali ingabonakala ngokucacile ukwakheka kwe-cranial kwamayunithi wendawo ayisishiyagalolunye futhi kusebenze ukutolika kwengxenye kune-PCA kusetshenziswa idatha esezingeni elifanele.
Lo mbhalo uveza inani lezinto eziphambili ezitholakele ngomnikelo wangaphezu kwe-1% wokwehluka okuphelele. Ukunquma izakhi eziphambili ezisebenzayo kakhulu emaqenjini amaqembu aphesheya kwamayunithi amakhulu wendawo, ukuhlaziya okusebenzayo okusebenzayo (i-ROC) kwafakwa kwizikolo eziyinhloko (PC) zinomnikelo omkhulu kuno-2% 84. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kwakha ijika lokunokwenzeka lengxenye ngayinye ye-PCA ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kokuhlukaniswa kanye nokuqhathanisa kahle iziza phakathi kwamaqembu ezwe. Izinga lamandla okubandlululwa lingahlolwa yindawo engaphansi kwejika (AUC), lapho izingxenye ze-PCA ezinamanani amakhulu zikwazi kangcono ukubandlulula phakathi kwamaqembu. Uvivinyo lweChi-Square lwenziwa lapho kuhlola izinga lokubaluleka. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROC kwenziwa kuMicrosoft Excel usebenzisa i-Bell Curve ye-Software Excel (inguqulo 3.21).
Ukubona ngeso lengqondo umehluko wezwe ku-cranial morphology, ama-Spekisa adalwe kusetshenziswa izikolo ze-PC amaqembu ahlukaniswe kahle kakhulu kumayunithi amakhulu wendawo. Ukuhumusha izingxenye ezinkulu, sebenzisa imephu yombala ukubona ngeso lengqondo ama-vertices amamodeli axhumeke kakhulu ngezinto eziphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izethulo ezibonakalayo zemikhawulo yama-azes aphambili anezinhlobo ezitholakala ku- ± 3 ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (i-SD) kwezikolo eziphambili zezakhi zabalalwa futhi zethulwe kuvidiyo eyengeziwe.
I-allometry yayisetshenziselwa ukunquma ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo se-skull kanye nezici zosayizi ezihlolwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-PCA. Ukuhlaziywa kusebenza ezingxenyeni eziphambili ngeminikelo> 1%. Ukukhawulelwa okukodwa kwale PCA ukuthi izingxenye zesimo azikwazi ukukhombisa ngokoqobo ngoba isethi yedatha engajwayelekile ayisusi zonke izinto ezinobukhulu. Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa amasethi wedatha engafani nalutho, siphinde sahlaziya nezinkambiso ze-allometric sisebenzisa amasethi we-PC Fraction asuselwa kwimininingwane evamile ye-Centroid usayizi wedatha esetshenziswe ezingxenyeni eziphambili ngeminikelo> 1%.
I-allometric Trends ihlolwe kusetshenziswa i-equation y = i-axb 85 lapho i-y iyisimo noma ingxenye yengxenye yesimo, usayizi we-puceroid (i-aslometric coefflic. Le ndlela ngokuyisisekelo ingeyethula izifundo zokukhula kwezabelo zejometri Morphometry78,86. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Logarithmic kwale formula yile: log y = b × log x + ungene a. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Recression usebenzisa indlela yesikwele okungenani kusetshenziswe ukubala i-A no-B. Lapho y (centroid usayizi) kanye ne-X (izikolo ze-PC) ziguqulwe ngokungenangqondo, la manani kufanele abe nethemba; Kodwa-ke, isethi yokulinganisa ye-X iqukethe amanani amabi. Njengesixazululo, singeze ukuzungeza inani eliphelele lengxenyenashi elincane kunazo zonke kanye nengxenye ngayinye kwingxenye ngayinye kwingxenye ngayinye futhi sasebenzisa uguquko lwe-logarithmic kubo bonke izingqungquthela ezinhle eziguquliwe kuzo zonke izingxenyana ezinhle eziguquliwe kuzo zonke izingcindezi ezinhle eziguquliwe kuzo zonke izingcindezi ezinhle eziguquliwe kuzo zonke izingcindezi ezinhle eziguquliwe kuzo zonke izingcindezi ezinhle eziguquliwe kuzo zonke izingcindezi ezinhle. Ukubaluleka kwama-allometric ahlolwe kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa isivivinyo somfundi esinomsila onamabala amabili. Lezi zibalo zezibalo zokuhlola ukukhula kwe-allometric zenziwa kusetshenziswa amajika ell ku-Excel Software (inguqulo 3.21).
I-Wolpoff, Imiphumela Yesimo Sezulu Ye-MH emakhaleni kaSkeleton. Yebo. J. phys. Ubuntu. 29, 405-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
I-Beals, i-KL Head Shape kanye nengcindezi yesimo sezulu. Yebo. J. phys. Ubuntu. 37, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Isikhathi sePosi: APR-02-2024