Amamodeli aphrintiwe aphrintiwe amathathu aphrintiwe (3dpams) abonakala ethuluzi elifanele ngenxa yenani lawo lezemfundo kanye nokwenzeka. Inhloso yalokhu kubuyekezwa ukuchaza nokuhlaziya izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukudala i-3DPAM yokufundisa i-anatomy yabantu futhi ahlole umnikelo wayo wokuhamba ngezinyawo.
Usesho lwe-elekthronikhi lwenziwa ku-PubMed esebenzisa la magama alandelayo: Imfundo, isikole, ukufunda, ukufundisa, ukuqeqeshwa, ukufundisa, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ne-anatomy, anatomy, ne-anatomy . . Ukutholwa kufaka phakathi izici zokufunda, ukwakheka okuyisibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwe-morphological, ukusebenza kwezemfundo, amandla nobuthakathaka.
Phakathi kwezihloko ezingama-68 ezikhethiwe, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezifundo ezigxile esifundeni saseCranial (33); Izihloko zisho ukuphrinta kwamathambo. Ezihlokweni ezingama-47, i-3DPAM yathuthukiswa ngokususelwa kwi-tomography ehlanganisiwe. Kuhlelwe izinqubo ezinhlanu zokuphrinta. Ipulasitiki kanye nezinto zabo zokutholwa kwazo zazisetshenziswa ezifundweni ezingama-48. Idizayini ngayinye isukela ngentengo kusuka ku- $ 1.25 kuya ku- $ 2,800. Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ziqhathaniswa ne-3DPAM ngamamodeli wereferensi. Izihloko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zihlolisise imisebenzi yemfundo. Izinzuzo eziphambili ziyikhwalithi ebonakalayo futhi enobuhlakani, ukusebenza kahle, ukwenza ngezifiso nokuqina, ukonga isikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhono okusebenza, ukugcinwa kwengqondo okungcono, ukwaneliseka kolwazi nothisha / ukwaneliseka kolwazi kanye nothisha / ukwaneliseka kolwazi. Ubunzima obukhulu buhlobene nokwakheka: ukuvumelana, ukuntuleka kwemininingwane noma ukucaca, imibala izikhathi ezikhanyayo kakhulu, zokuphrinta ezinde nezindleko eziphakeme.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kukhombisa ukuthi i-3DPAM iyabiza futhi iyasebenza ngokufundisa i-anatomy. Amamodeli anengqondo amaningi adinga ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obubizayo be-3D bokuphrinta izikhathi izikhathi ezinde, ezizokhulisa kakhulu izindleko eziphelele. Isihluthulelo ukukhetha indlela efanele yokucabanga. Ngokombono we-pendagogical wokubuka, i-3DPAM iyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokufundisa i-anatomy, ngomthelela omuhle emiphumeleni yokufunda nokwaneliseka. Umphumela wokufundisa we-3dpam ungcono kakhulu lapho kuveza izifunda eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-anatomical futhi abafundi bayisebenzise ekuqaleni kokuqeqeshwa kwabo kwezokwelashwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezikhundla zezilwane sezenziwe kusukela eGrisi yasendulo futhi kungenye yezindlela eziphambili zokufundisa i-anatomy. Ukuhlukaniswa kweCadaveric okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo kusetshenziswa kwikharikhulamu yethiyori yabafundi bezokwelapha baseyunivesithi futhi njengamanje kubhekwa njengezinga legolide lokufunda i-anatomy [200,3,4,5]. Kodwa-ke, kunezithiyo eziningi ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo ze-cadaven yabantu, okwenza ukufuna amathuluzi amasha okuqeqesha [6, 7]. Amanye ala amathuluzi amasha afaka okungokoqobo ukungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona, amathuluzi edijithali, nokuphrinta kwe-3D. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kwakamuva ngeSantos et al. . .
Ukuphrinta kwe-3D akukusha. Amalungelo obunikazi okuqala ahlobene nalobu buchwepheshe babuyela ku-1984: ULe Méhauté, o deitte noJc André eFrance, kwathi amasonto amathathu kamuva e-USA. Kusukela lapho, ubuchwepheshe buye baqhubeka nokuvela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuye kwandiswe ezindaweni eziningi. Isibonelo, uNasa waphrinta into yokuqala ngaphezu koMhlaba ngo-2014 [11]. Inkambu yezokwelapha ibuye yamukela leli thuluzi elisha, ngaleyo ndlela lenyusa isifiso sokuthuthukisa umuthi owenziwe ngezifiso [12].
Ababhali abaningi bakhombisile izinzuzo zokusebenzisa amamodeli we-anatomical aphrintiwe we-3D (3Dpam) emfundweni yezokwelapha [10, 13, 14, 17, 17, 18, 18, 19]. Lapho ufundisa amamodeli we-anatomy angabantu, angewona ama-pathological kanye nama-anatomically ajwayelekile ayadingeka. Ezinye izibuyekezo zihlole amamodeli we-pathological noma ezokwelashwa / ama-8, 20, 21]. Ukuthuthukisa imodeli ye-hybrid yokufundisa i-anatomy yabantu efaka amathuluzi amasha njengokuphrinta kwe-3D, senze isibuyekezo esihleliwe sokuchaza nokuhlaziya ukuthi iziphingi eziphrintiwe ze-3D zidalwe kanjani ukufundisa ukusebenzisa lezi zinto ze-3D.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi okuhlelekile kwenziwa ngoJuni 2022 kusetshenziswa i-Prisma (izinto ezithandwayo zokubika zokubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kanye nemikhawulo yeMeta-Analyzes) ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yesikhathi [22].
Izindlela zokufaka amaphepha wonke akhona wonke amaphepha acwaninga asebenzisa i-3DPAM ekufundiseni / ekufundeni kwe-anatomy. Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi, izinhlamvu, noma izindatshana ezigxile kumamodeli we-pathological, amamodeli wezilwane, amamodeli emivubukulo, kanye namamodeli wokuqeqeshwa wezokwelapha / wokuhlinzwa afakiwe. Kukhethwe kuphela izindatshana zesiNgisi ezikhethiwe. Izindatshana ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezitholakalayo ezitholakala online zifakiwe. Imibhalo ehlanganisa amamodeli amaningi, okungenani okukodwa kwalokho okwakujwayelekile noma ane-pathology encane engaphazamisi inani lokufundisa, afakiwe.
Kwasenziwa ukusesha kwezincwadi ku-Database ye-Elektroniki (umtapo wolwazi wezwe wezokwelapha, i-NCBI) ukuthola izifundo ezifanele ezashicilelwa kuze kufike kuJuni 2022. Sebenzisa amagama okufundisa alandelayo: Ezemfundo, isikole, ukufundisa, ukufundisa, ukufunda, ukufundisa, imfundo, ezintathu- Ubukhulu, 3D, 3D, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy kanye ne-anatomy. Umbuzo owodwa wabulawa: ((((Ezemfundo [Isihloko / Isihloko] noma Isihloko [Isihloko / Isihloko] noma isihloko / isihloko [isihloko / isihloko se-Operact [isihloko / esingesisekelo] noma Ezemfundo [Isihloko / I-Abstract]) kanye (nezilinganiso ezintathu [Isihloko] noma isihloko se-3D [isihloko] noma i-3D [isihloko] noma (phrinta [isihloko] noma i-Phrinta] noma i-Anatomy) [isihloko] ]]]] / I-Abstract] noma i-anatomy [isihloko / isihloko se-anatomy [isihloko / isihloko se-anatomy / isihloko se-anatomy [isihloko / isihloko / isihloko se-ANTOMSY). Izindatshana ezingeziwe zikhonjwe ngesandla ukusesha i-database ye-pubmed kanye nokubukeza izethenjwa zezinye izindatshana zesayensi. Azikho imikhawulo yosuku esetshenzisiwe, kepha kwasetshenziswa ukuhlunga kwe- "person".
Zonke izihloko ezibuyiselwe kanye nezimpawu ezifakiwe zihlolwe ngokufakwa kanye nezindlela zokufakwa ngaphandle kwababhali ababili (EBR ne-AL), futhi noma yiluphi ucwaningo olungahlanganisi zonke izindlela zokufaneleka zakhishwa. Ukushicilelwa kombhalo ogcwele kwezifundo ezisele kutholwe futhi kubuyekezwe ababhali abathathu (EBR, EBE kanye ne-AL). Lapho kunesidingo, ukungaboni ngaso linye ekukhetheni kwezindatshana kwaxazululwa ngumuntu wesine (lt). Izincwadi ezahlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela zokufaka zifakiwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa.
Ukukhishwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngokuzimela ngababhali ababili (EBR ne-AL) ngaphansi kokugadwa kombhali wesithathu (i-LT).
- Idatha Design Design: Izifunda ze-Anatomical, izingxenye ezithile ze-anatomical, imodeli yokuqala yokuphrinta kwe-3D, indlela yokutholwa, uhlobo lwephrinta kanye nenani, uhlobo lokuphrinta, umbala, izindleko zokuphrinta.
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-morphological of amamodeli: amamodeli asetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelashwa kochwepheshe / othisha, inani labahlaziyi, uhlobo lokuhlola.
- Imodeli ye-3D yokufundisa: Ukuhlolwa kolwazi lomfundi, indlela yokuhlola, inombolo yabafundi, inombolo yamaqembu okuqhathanisa, okungahleliwe kwabafundi, imfundo / uhlobo lomfundi.
Izifundo ezingama-418 zikhonjwe ezihlokweni ze-medline, futhi izindatshana eziyi-139 zafakwanga isihlungi se- "Human". Ngemuva kokubukeza izihloko nezikhuculu, izifundo eziyi-103 zikhethwe ukufundwa kombhalo ogcwele. Izindatshana ezingama-34 azifakwanga ngoba zazingamamodeli we-pathological (izindatshana eziyi-9), amamodeli wezilwane / izindatshana), amamodeli wezilwane (izindatshana ezi-4), amamodeli we-3D (1 izahluko 16). ). Ingqikithi yezindatshana ezingama-68 ifakiwe ekubuyekezweni. Umdwebo 1 uletha inqubo yokukhetha njengeshadi lokugeleza.
Ishadi lokugeleza lifingqa umazisi, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokufakwa kwezindatshana kulokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile
Zonke izifundo zishicilelwa phakathi kuka-2014 no-2022, ngonyaka wokushicilelwa okuphakathi kuka-2019. Phakathi kwezifundo ezingama-68 ezifakiwe, izifundo ezingama-33 (49%) zazincazelo futhi zingu-17 (26%) zazikhona ukuhlolwa. Okuchazayo okuchazayo. Kwezifundo ezingama-50 (73%) zokuhlola, ezingama-21 (31%) zisebenzise okungahleliwe. Kunezifundo ezingama-34 kuphela (50%) ezifakiwe zokuhlaziya kwezibalo. Ithebula 1 lifingqa izici zofundwa ngalunye.
Izindatshana ezingama-33 (48%) zihlolisise indawo yekhanda, izindatshana eziyi-19 (28%) zihlolisise isifunda sase-thoracic, izindatshana eziyi-17 (25%) zihlolisise isifunda sase-AbdoPopelvic, futhi izindatshana eziyi-15 (22%) zihlolisise imikhawulo. Izindatshana ezingamashumi amahlanu nanye (75%) zichazwe amathambo aphrintiwe we-3D njengamamodeli we-anatomical noma amamodeli amaningi we-anatomical.
Mayelana namamodeli omthombo noma amafayela asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa i-3DPAM, izindatshana ezingama-23 (ama-34%) asho ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yesiguli, izindatshana ezingama-20 (ama-29%) asho ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yeCadaveric, kanye nezihloko ezingama-17%) okushiwo ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane. Sebenzisa, kanye nezifundo eziyi-7 (10%) azange zidalule umthombo wemibhalo esetshenzisiwe.
Izifundo ezingama-47 (69%) zithuthukiswe i-3DPAM ezisuselwa ku-tomography ehlanganisiwe, kanye nezifundo ezi-3 (4%) zibike ukusetshenziswa kwe-microct. Izindatshana eziyi-7 (10%) ziveze izinto ze-3D ze-3D zisebenzisa izikena ze-optical, izindatshana ezi-4 (ama-6%) zisebenzisa i-MRI, ne-athikili engu-1 (1%) esebenzisa amakhamera nama-microscopes. Izindatshana eziyi-14 (ezingama-21%) azisho lutho ngomthombo wamafayela omthombo wokuqamba amamodeli we-3D. Amafayili we-3D adalwe ngesilinganiso esijwayelekile sendawo esingaphansi kuka-0,5 mm. Ukulungiswa okuphezulu kungu-30 μm [80] kanye nokuxazululwa okuphezulu kungu-1.5 mm [32].
Izicelo zesoftware ezihlukene ezingamashumi ayisithupha (ukuhlukaniswa, ukumodela, ukuklama noma ukuphrinta) kwasetshenziswa. I-Mimics (i-Mouse, uLeuven, iBelgium) yayisetshenziswa kaningi (izifundo ezingama-14, ezingama-21%), zilandelwa yiMeshmixer (i-AutodeSk, iSan Rafael, i-Geomagic (uhlelo lwe-3D, iMo, NC, Leesville) . . (Izifundo eziyi-7, 10%).
Amamodeli wephrinta angamashumi ayisithupha nesikhombisa ahlukene nezinqubo ezinhlanu zokuphrinta kukhulunywa ngazo. I-FDM (I-FDM (Devised Devises Modeling) Technology yasetshenziswa kumikhiqizo engama-26 (38%), ukuqhuma kwezinto ezibonakalayo emikhiqizweni engu-13 (19%) bese ekugcineni i-BIRTER BLORASTIng (imikhiqizo eyi-11, 16%). Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe obusetshenzisiwe bus Stereatography (SLA) (Izindatshana ezi-5, ama-7%) kanye ne-Seconive Sintering (SLS) (ama-athikili ama-4, ama-6%). Iphrinta esetshenziswa kakhulu (izindatshana ezi-7, ama-10%) yi-Connex 500 (stratasys, rehovot, Israel) [47, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
Lapho ucacisa izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza i-3DPAM (izihloko ezingama-51, ama-75%), izifundo ezingama-48 (71%) zisebenzise amapulasitiki nezinto zazo zokutholwa. Izinto eziphambili ezisetshenzisiwe zaziyi-pla (i-polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 13 %, 9, 13%) kanye ne-AB (acrylonitritre buthadiene styyrene) (izinhlobo eziyi-10, 10%). Izindatshana ezingama-23 (34%) zihlolisise i-3DPAM eyenziwe ngezinto eziningi, izindatshana ezingama-36 (53%) ezethulwe i-3DPAM eyethulwe ekwenzeni okukodwa kuphela, futhi izindatshana eziyi-9 (13%) azicacisi into ethile.
Imibhalo engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye (ama-43%) abike isilinganiso sokuphrinta esivela ku-0.25: 1 kuya ku-2: 1, ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 1. Imibhalo engamashumi amabili nanhlanu (37%) isebenzise isilinganiso esingu-1: 1. 28 3dpams (41%) yayiqukethe imibala eminingi, no-9 (13%) yadaywa ngemuva kokuphrinta [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 64, 68, 75].
Izindatshana ezingamashumi amathathu nane (50%) izindleko ezishiwo. Izindatshana eziyi-9 (13%) zisho izindleko zabaphrinti be-3D nezinto zokwakha ezingavuthiwe. Amaphrinta aqala ngentengo kusuka ku- $ 302 kuya ku- $ 65,000. Lapho kuchaziwe, amanani emodeli aqala kusuka ku- $ 1.25 kuya ku- $ 2,800; Lokhu okweqisayo kuyahambelana nezinhlamvu zamathambo [47] kanye ne-high-fidelity retroperitoneal amamodeli [48]. Ithebula 2 lifingqa idatha yemodeli yesifundo ngasinye esifakiwe.
Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa (54%) ziqhathanisa i-3DAPM kwimodeli yereferensi. Phakathi kwalezi zifundo, ukuqhathanisa okuvame kakhulu kwakuyimodeli yereferensi ye-anatomical, esetshenziswa ezindabeni eziyi-14 (ama-38%), amalungiselelo asuse izindatshana ezi-6 (16%), kanye namalungiselelo ahlehlisiwe ezihlokweni ezi-6 (16%). Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela okungokoqobo, i-tomography compled emqaleni ye-3dpam ezihlokweni ezi-5 (14%), elinye i-3dpam ezihlokweni ezi-3 (ama-3%), ama-radiographs esihlokweni esingu-1 (3%), amamodeli ebhizinisi ngaphakathi 1 i-athikili (3%) kanye ne-Augmented Reality kwi-athikili engu-1 (3%). Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nane (50%) zihlolwe 3dpam. Izifundo eziyishumi nanhlanu (48%) izifundo ezinemininingwane yezilinganiso (Ithebula 3). I-3DPAM yenziwa odokotela abahlinzayo noma abakhona odokotela ezifundweni eziyi-7 (47%), ochwepheshe be-anatomical ezifundweni ezi-6 (ama-40%), abafundisi (abafundisi (isiyalo (isiyalo abachaziwe) ezifundweni ezi-3 (20%) zokuhlola nomhlazi oyedwa osesihlokweni (7%). Inani elijwayelekile labahloli lingu-14 (ubuncane 2, obukhulu 30). Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu (49%) zihlolisise ama-3dpam morphology ngokufanelekile, futhi izifundo eziyi-10 (15%) zihlolisise i-3dpam morphology ngobuningi. Ezifundweni ezingama-33 ezisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezimo, eziyi-16 zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuchazayo okuchazayo (48%), izilinganiso ezi-9 ezisetshenzisiwe / izilinganiso / inhlolovo (27%), kanye nesilinganiso esingu-8 esisetshenzisiwe se-Likert (24%). Ithebula 3 lifingqa ukuhlolwa kwe-morphological kwamamodeli kusifundo ngasinye esifakiwe.
Izindatshana ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu (48%) ahlolwe futhi ziqhathanisa ukusebenza kahle kokufundisa i-3Dpam kubafundi. Kulezi zifundo, ezingama-23 (70%) ahlolwe ukwaneliseka kwabafundi, 17 (51%) asetshenzisiwe esikalini se-Likert, kanye no-6 (18%) basebenzise ezinye izindlela. Imibhalo engamashumi amabili nambili (67%) ihlolwe ukufunda umfundi ngokuhlolwa kolwazi, okungu-10 (30%) wasebenzisa amahle kanye / noma ama-posttests. Izifundo eziyishumi nanye (ama-33%) zisebenzise imibuzo ekhethwe kaninginingi nokuhlola ulwazi lwabafundi, kanye nezifundo ezinhlanu (15%) zisebenzise ilebula lezithombe / ukukhomba kwe-anatomical. Isilinganiso sabafundi abangama-76 abahlanganyele esifundweni ngasinye (ubuncane be-8, ubukhulu 319). Izifundo ezingamashumi amabili nane (72%) zazineqembu elilawulayo, kwalo olungu-20 (60%) olusetshenzisiwe ngokungahleliwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isifundo esisodwa (3%) sabelwa ngezikhathi ezithile amamodeli we-anatomical kubafundi abangu-10. Ngokwesilinganiso, amaqembu angama-2.6 aqhathaniswa (ubuncane be-2, obukhulu 10). Izifundo ezingamashumi amabili nantathu (70%) azibandakanya abafundi bezokwelapha, kwazo eziyi-14 (42%) zazingabafundi bezokwelapha bonyaka wokuqala. Izifundo eziyisithupha (18%) zazihilela abahlali, 4 (12%) abafundi bamazinyo, kanye nabafundi besayensi (9%). Izifundo eziyisithupha (18%) ziqalisiwe futhi zihlolisise ukufunda ezizimele zisebenzisa i-3DPAM. Ithebula 4 lifingqa imiphumela yokuhlola ukusebenza kwe-3DPAM kokufundisa ngempumelelo kokufunda ngakunye.
Izinzuzo Ezisemqoka Zokusebenzisa i-3DPAM njengethuluzi lokufundisa lokufundisa ama-anatomy ajwayelekile abantu abikwe ngababhali abukwayo izici ezibonakalayo nezinobuchule [45, 50, 72], kanye nokunemba okuhlukile [34], kanye nokunemba okuhlukile [34], . , 45, 48, 64], umbala kanye nobala [28, 45], ukuthembeka [24, 56, 77], 13, 32, 55, 69, 52, 67, 63, 69, 79, 63, 69, 79], 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 68, 51, 88, 81, 80, 81, 80, 81, 80, 81, 80, 81, 80, 81, 80, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 88, 81, 80, 88, 81, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80], 88, 48, 36, 58, 48, 61, 67, 80], Ikhono lokukhohlisa abafundi [30, 49], ligcina isikhathi sokufundisa [61, 80] 67], ukwakheka okusheshayo kwama-models skeleton [81], amandla okusebenzisana ngokuhlanganyela futhi asebenzise amamodeli endlu [49, 60, 71] Amandla wokujikeleza ngokwengqondo [23, 33] kanye nolwazi [32], kanye nalolo lwazi [ 25, 63] Futhi nokwaneliseka kwabafundi [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Ubunzima obukhulu buhlobene nokwakhiwa: ukuqina [80], kungaguquguquki [28, 62], ukuntula imininingwane noma kungu-48, 48, 84, 45, 48, 81, 65. nokuchitheka kwesitezi [71]. Okunye Okubi Kuhlanganisa Ukulahleka Kwemininingwane [30, 76], isikhathi eside esidingekayo kwiSithombe [36, 52, 57, 58, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 68, 68, 68], "SHA futhi kubiza. Phezulu [48].
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kufingqa izindatshana ezingama-68 ezishicilelwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-9 futhi kuqokomisa intshisakalo yomphakathi wesayensi ku-3Dpam njengethuluzi lokufundisa i-anatomy yomuntu ejwayelekile. Isifunda ngasinye se-anatomical safundwa futhi saphrintiwe nge-3D. Kulezi zihloko, izindatshana ezingama-37 ziqhathaniswa namanye amamodeli namanye amamodeli, futhi izihloko ezingama-33 zihlole ukuhambisana kokuhamba ngezinyawo kwe-3DPAM kubafundi.
Njengoba kunikezwe umehluko ekwakhiweni kwezifundo zokuphrinta ze-anatomical 3D, asikubhekanga ukuthi kufanelekile ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kushicilelwe ngo-2020 ikakhulukazi kugxile ekuhlolweni kolwazi lwe-anatomical ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa ngaphandle kokuhlaziya izici zezobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe zokwakheka kwe-3DPAM nokukhiqiza [10].
Isifunda sekhanda sifundeka kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngoba ubunzima be-anatomy yalo bukwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubafundi ukukhombisa lesi sifunda se-anatomical esikhaleni esinezici ezintathu uma kuqhathaniswa nezitho noma i-torso. I-CT isekude kakhulu ukulingana kokucabanga okusetshenziswayo. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ezilungiselelweni zezokwelapha, kepha inesinqumo sendawo esilinganiselwe kanye nohlu lwezicubu ezithambile. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kwenza ukuskena kwe-CT kungafanele ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokumodelwa kohlelo lwezinzwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-tomography ehlanganisiwe ilungele kangcono ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu zethambo / ukumodeli; I-Bone / SOFTICATISICATION UPRONTAST isiza ukuqedela lezi zinyathelo ngaphambi kwamamodeli we-3D wokuphrinta amamodeli anatomical. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-microct ibhekwa njengobuchwepheshe bezethenjwa ngokuya ngesinqumo sendawo ethanjeni [70]. Izikena ze-Optical noma i-MRI nazo zingasetshenziswa ukuthola izithombe. Ukulungiswa okuphezulu kuvimbela ukushelela kwezindawo zamathambo futhi zilondoloze ubuqili bezakhiwo ze-anatomical [59]. Ukukhethwa kwemodeli kuthinta nesixazululo sendawo: ngokwesibonelo, amamodeli wokuhlela uplastisi anesinqumo esiphansi [45]. Abaqambi bezithombe kufanele bakha amamodeli we-3D ngokwezifiso, andisa izindleko ($ 25 kuya ku- $ 150 ngehora) [43]. Ukuthola amafayela asezingeni eliphakeme .Stll akwanele ukudala amamodeli wekhwalithi ephezulu ye-anatomical. Kuyadingeka ukuthola amapharamitha wokuphrinta, njengokuqala kwemodeli ye-anatomical epuletini lokuphrinta [29]. Abanye ababhali basikisela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile bokunyathelisa obunjenge-SLS kufanele busetshenziswe lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kwe-3DPAM [38]. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-3DPAM kudinga usizo lochwepheshe; Ochwepheshe abafunwe kakhulu abangonjiniyela [72], ama-radiologists, [75], graphic abaqambi [43] kanye ne-anatomists [25, 28, 76, 71, 57, 76, 71].
Isoftware ye-Segmentation ne-Modelling iyizinto ezibalulekile ekutholeni amamodeli anembile we-anatomical, kepha izindleko zalawa maphakheji wesoftware kanye nobunzima bawo bavimba ukusetshenziswa kwabo. Ucwaningo oluningi luqhathanise ukusetshenziswa kwamaphakeji wesoftware ahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa, ukugqamisa izinzuzo kanye nobubi bezobuchwepheshe ngamunye [68]. Ngaphezu kwesoftware yokumodela, isoftware yokuphrinta iyahambisana nephrinta ekhethiwe nayo iyadingeka; Abanye ababhali bakhetha ukusebenzisa ukuphrinta oku-3D oku-3D. Uma izinto ezinele ze-3D ziphrintiwe, ukutshalwa kwezimali kungaholela ekubuyiselweni kwemali [72].
Ipulasitiki isezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Uhla lwayo olubanzi lokufakwa nemibala lukwenza kube okubonakalayo kokukhetha kwe-3DPAM. Abanye ababhali baye bancoma amandla ayo aphezulu ngokuqhathaniswa nezimo zendabuko zendabuko noma ezingama-24, 56, 73]. Amanye amapulasitiki aze aqale noma welule izakhiwo. Isibonelo, i-Filaflex ene-FDM Technology inganweba kuze kube ngu-700%. Abanye ababhali babheka lokho okukhethwa kukho kwemisipha, i-tendon kanye nokuphindwa kwe-ligament [63]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifundo ezimbili ziye zaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuzithoba kwefayibha ngesikhathi sokuphrinta. Eqinisweni, ukuqondiswa kwemisipha, ukufakwa, ukuqiniseka, nokusebenza nokusebenza kubalulekile ekumodeni kwemisipha [33].
Ngokumangazayo, ambalwa ucwaningo lukhuluma ngezinga lokuphrinta. Njengoba abantu abaningi bebheka isilinganiso esingu-1: 1 ukuba babe standard, umbhali kungenzeka akhethe ukungawusho. Yize ukumelana kuyasiza ekufundeni okuqondiswe emaqenjini amakhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi ukukala ukukala akukahlolisiswa kahle, ikakhulukazi ngosayizi weklasi okhulayo kanye nosayizi wemfanelo wemodeli eyinto ebalulekile. Vele, isikali esigcwele esigcwele kwenza kube lula ukuthola futhi kukhulume izakhi ezahlukahlukene ze-anatomical esigulini, ezingachaza ukuthi kungani zisetshenziswa kaningi.
Zabaphrinti abaningi abatholakala emakethe, labo abasebenzisa i-polyjet (i-inkjet ye-inkjet ye-inkjet ye-inkjet ye-inkjet noma ye-binder inkjet) ukuhlinzeka ngombala ophezulu kanye nezindleko eziningi zokuphrinta (i-HTTPS: / /wwww.anwaya.com/). Lokhu kubiza okuphezulu kunganciphisa ukukhushulwa kwe-3DPAM ezikoleni zezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwezindleko zephrinta, izindleko zezinto ezidingekayo zokuphrinta kwe-inkjet ziphakeme kune-sla noma amaphrinta we-FDM [68]. Amanani entengo ye-sla noma ama-FDM aphrinta abuye abizeke kakhulu, aqala kusuka ku- € 576 kuya ku- € 4,999 ezihlokweni ezibalwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa. Ngokusho kukaTripodi kanye nozakwabo, ingxenye ngayinye yamathambo ingaphrintwa nge-US $ 1.25 [47]. Izifundo eziyishumi nanye zaphetha ngokuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D kushibhile kunepulasitiki noma amamodeli wezentengiso [24, 27, 48, 51, 68, 81, 81, 83, 80, 81, 83]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo ezentengiso zenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane yesiguli ngaphandle kwemininingwane eyanele yokufundisa nge-anatomy. Lawa mamodeli okuhweba athathwa njengephansi ku-3DPAM [44]. Kuyaqapheleka lokho, ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa obusetshenzisiwe, izindleko zokugcina zilingana nesilinganiso ngakho-ke usayizi wokugcina we-3DPAM [48]. Ngalezi zizathu, isilinganiselo esigcwele sithandwa [37].
Ucwaningo olulodwa kuphela oluqhathaniswa ne-3DPAM ngamamodeli we-anatomical atholakalayo atholakalayo [72]. Amasampula e-Cadaveric ayisiqhathanisa asetshenziswa kakhulu nge-3DPAM. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwabo, amamodeli eCadaveric ahlala iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokufundisa i-anatomy. Umehluko kumele wenziwe phakathi kwe-autopsy, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nethambo elomile. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuqeqeshwa, izifundo ezimbili ziveze ukuthi i-3DPAM yayiphumelela kakhulu kunokudidiyelwa okulungisiwe [16, 27]. Isifundo esisodwa siqhathanisa ihora elilodwa lokuqeqeshwa sisebenzisa i-3DPAM (umkhawulo ophansi) ngehora elilodwa lokudingiswa isifunda esifanayo se-anatomical [78]. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili zokufundisa. Kungenzeka ukuthi kunocwaningo oluncane ngalesi sihloko ngoba ukuqhathanisa okunjalo kunzima ukukwenza. Ukuhlaziya kungukulungiselela isikhathi kwabafundi. Kwesinye isikhathi kudingeka inqwaba yamahora wokulungiselela, kuya ngokuthi ilungiselelwe yini. Ukuqhathanisa kwesithathu kungenziwa ngamathambo owomile. Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguTsai noSmith bathole ukuthi izikolo zokuhlola zazingcono kakhulu eqenjini zisebenzisa i-3Dpam [51, 63]. UChen nozakwabo baphawule ukuthi abafundi besebenzisa amamodeli we-3D okwenziwe kangcono ekuboneni izakhiwo (ama-skulls), kepha kwakungekho mehluko ezikolo ze-MCQ [69. Ekugcineni, uTanner nozakwabo bakhombisa imiphumela engcono yokuhlola kuleli qembu besebenzisa i-3DPAM ye-Phostergopalatine fossa [46]. Amanye amathuluzi amasha okufundisa akhonjwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa kokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. Okuvame kakhulu phakathi kwazo kungokoqobo ukungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona, okungokoqobo okungokoqobo kanye nemidlalo engathi sína [43]. Ngokusho kukaMahrous nozakwabo, okuthandwa amamodeli anatomical kuncike kwinani lamahora abafundi abadlala imidlalo yevidiyo [31]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubuyela emuva okukhulu kwamathuluzi amasha wokufundisa anatomy kuyimpendulo ye-haptic, ikakhulukazi amathuluzi abonakalayo [48].
Izifundo eziningi ezihlola i-3DPAM entsha zisebenzise amakhono olwazi. Lezi zinhlaka zisiza ukugwema ukukhetha ekuhlolweni. Abanye ababhali, ngaphambi kokuqhuba izifundo zokuhlola, khipha bonke abafundi abashaye ngenhla kwesilinganiso esivivinyweni sokuqala [40]. Phakathi kwamagalali wokucwaninga kanye nozakwabo okushiwo bekungumbala wemodeli nokukhethwa kwamavolontiya ekilasini labafundi [61]. I-Staining isiza ukuhlonza izakhiwo ze-anatomical. UChen nozakwabo basungula izimo eziqinile zokuhlola ngaphandle komehluko wokuqala phakathi kwamaqembu futhi isifundo sasiphuphuthekiswa ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu [69]. I-Lim nozakwabo bancoma ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwangemva kokuhlolwa kuqedwe ngumuntu wesithathu ukugwema ukukhetha ekuhlolweni [16]. Ezinye izifundo zisebenzise izikali ze-Likert ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka kwe-3DPAM. Leli thuluzi lifanelekile ukuhlola ukwaneliseka, kepha kusasekhona ukucwasana okubalulekile ukuze uqaphele [86].
Ukuhambisana nemfundo ye-3DPAM kwakuhlolwe ngokuyinhloko phakathi kwabafundi bezokwelapha, kubandakanya abafundi bezokwelapha bonyaka wokuqala, ezifundweni eziyi-14 kwezingu-33. Esifundweni sabo sezindiza, uWilk nozakwabo babike ukuthi abafundi bezokwelapha bakholelwa ukuthi ukushicilelwa kwe-3D kufanele kufakwe ekufundeni kwabo okungu-87. Ama-87% abafundi abahlolisisiwe esifundweni seCercenelli abekholelwa ukuthi ngonyaka wesibili wokufunda kwakuyisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokusebenzisa i-3DPAM [84]. Imiphumela yeTanner kanye nozakwabo akhombisa nokuthi abafundi benza kangcono ukube bebengakaze balifunde insimu [46]. Le mininingwane iphakamisa ukuthi ngonyaka wokuqala wesikole sezokwelapha yisikhathi esifanele sokufaka i-3Dpam ekufundiseni kwe-anatomy. Mina-meta-ukuhlaziywa kweseka lo mbono [18]. Kuzo zonke izindatshana ezingama-27 ezifakiwe esifundweni, bekukhona umehluko omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-3DPAM uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli endabuko kubafundi bezokwelapha, kodwa hhayi kubahlali.
I-3Dpam njengethuluzi lokufunda ithuthukisa impumelelo yemfundo [16, 37, 63, 62, 77, 63, 69, 78], Reture Retuntion [32], 25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 66, 52, 57, 66 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Amaphaneli ochwepheshe abuye athola la mamodeli awusizo [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], futhi izifundo ezimbili zithole ukwaneliseka kothisha nge-3DPAM [25, 63]. Kuyo yonke imithombo, i-bachouse kanye nozakwabo kanye nozakwabo babheka ukuphrinta okungu-3D ukuze babe ngenye indlela engcono kakhulu kumamodeli wendabuko we-anatomical [49]. Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta yabo yokuqala, nina nozakwabo bakuqinisekisile ukuthi abafundi abathole imiyalo ye-3DPAM babenezikolo ezingcono zokuhlola kunabafundi abathola imiyalo ye-2D noma ye-Cadaver. Kodwa-ke, bahlukanisa i-3Dpam hhayi ngobunzima, kodwa ngokumane nje ngenhliziyo, uhlelo lwezinzwa, kanye nesisu sesisu. Ezifundweni eziyisikhombisa, i-3DPAM ayizange iveze amanye amamodeli asuselwa ekuhlolweni kolwazi olawulwa abafundi [32, 66, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88. Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta yabo, i-Salazar kanye nozakwabo kanye nozakwabo baphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-3Dpam kuthuthukisa ngokuqondile ukuqonda kokuqonda kwe-anatomy eyinkimbinkimbi [17]. Lo mqondo uhambisana nencwadi yeHitas 'eya kumhleli [88]. Ezinye izindawo ze-anatomical zithathwa njengenkimbinkimbi azidingi ukusetshenziswa kwe-3dpam, kanti izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-anatomical (ezifana nentamo noma uhlelo lwezinzwa) kungaba ukukhetha okunengqondo kwe-3DPAM. Lo mqondo ungachaza ukuthi kungani amanye ama-3dpams athathwa njengephakeme kunamamodeli endabuko, ikakhulukazi lapho abafundi bengenalo ulwazi esizindeni lapho ukusebenza kwemodeli kutholakala khona ukuthi uphakeme. Ngakho-ke, ukwethula imodeli elula kubafundi abavele banolwazi oluthile lwesihloko (abafundi bezokwelapha noma abahlali) akusizi ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwabafundi.
Of all the educational benefits listed, 11 studies emphasized the visual or tactile qualities of models [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], and 3 studies improved strength and durability (33 , 50-52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Ezinye izinzuzo ukuthi abafundi bangakwazi ukukhohlisa izakhiwo, othisha bangagcina isikhathi, kulula ukulondolozwa kunama-cadavers, iphrojekthi ingaqedwa kungakapheli amahora angama-24, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukufundisa amanani amakhulu yolwazi. Amaqembu 60, 61, 80, 81]. Ukuphrinta okuphindaphindwayo kwe-3D ye-High-Volume Anatomy Ukufundisa kwenza amamodeli wokuphrinta we-3D abiza kakhulu [26]. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-3DPAM kungathuthukisa amakhono okujikeleza kwengqondo [23] futhi kuthuthukise ukuhunyushwa kwezithombe ezingama-23, 32]. Izifundo ezimbili zathola ukuthi abafundi badalulwa ku-3DPAM kungenzeka ukuthi bahlinzwe [40, 78]. Izixhumi zensimbi zingashumeka ukudala ukunyakaza okudingekayo ukutadisha i-anatomy esebenzayo [51, 53], noma amamodeli angaphrintwa kusetshenziswa ama-trigger design [67].
Ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli we-anatomical aguqukayo ngokwenza ngcono izici ezithile ngesikhathi sesigaba sokumodela, [59, 8] ukudala amamodeli amaningi, [36] esebenzisa ukuvela kombala, Ukwenza izakhiwo ezithile zangaphakathi zibonakale [30]. I-Tripodi kanye nozakwabo basebenzise ubumba oluqoqiwe ukulekelela amamodeli abo e-3D aphrintiwe aphrintiwe, egcizelela inani lamamodeli ahlanganisiwe njengamathuluzi okufundisa [47]. Ezifundweni eziyi-9, kwafakwa umbala ngemuva kokuphrinta [43, 46, 48, 54, 58, 59, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 64, 69, 64, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69 Wunye itsetsed yake [49]. Ngeshwa, isifundo asizange sihlole ikhwalithi yokuqeqeshwa okuyisibonelo noma ukulandelana kokuqeqeshwa. Lokhu kufanele kubhekwe ngokwesimo semfundo ye-anatomy, njengoba izinzuzo zokufunda ezihlanganisiwe nokudala zisungulwe kahle [89]. Ukuze ubhekane nomsebenzi wokukhangisa okhulayo, ukuzifunda kusetshenziswe kaningi ukuhlola amamodeli [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Olunye ucwaningo lwaphetha ngokuthi umbala wezinto zepulasitiki wawukhanya kakhulu [45], kwaphetha olunye ukuthi imodeli yayigcwele [izifundo ezimbili zibonisa ukuntuleka kokuhlukahluka kwe-anatomical ekwakhiweni kwamamodeli ngazinye [25, 45 ]. . Ucwaningo oluyisikhombisa lwaphetha ngokuthi imininingwane ye-34, 48, engama-38 ubudala iyazalwa [28, 38, 38, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35,, 55,, 55,: 55, 58,,
Ukuthola amamodeli anemininingwane eminingi e-anatomical yezifunda ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi, njengokuthi i-retroupestitoneum noma isibeletho sesibeletho kanye nesikhathi sokumodela kubhekwa isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu (Mayelana ne-US $ 2000]. UHojo kanye nozakwabo babikele eSifundweni sabo sokuthi ukudalwa kwemodeli ye-anatomical ye-pelvis kwathatha amahora angama-40 [4]. Isikhathi eside kunazo zonke sasingamahora angama-380 ocwaningweni ngesimo sezulu kanye nozakwabo, lapho amamodeli amaningi ahlanganiswa khona ukudala imodeli ye-airway ephelele [36]. Ezifundweni eziyisishiyagalolunye, ukugawulwa kanye nesikhathi sokuphrinta kwakubhekwa njengezinkinga [36, 42, 57, 58, 78, 78, 78]. Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziyi-12 zagxeka izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zamamodeli azo, ikakhulukazi ukungaguquguquki kwazo, [30] ukuncipha kanye ne-monochromatity, [66] ukuntuleka kwezicubu ezithambile, [28] noma ukuntuleka kwemininingwane [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Lokhu kubi kunganqotshwa ngokwandisa ukwahlukaniswa noma isikhathi sokulingisa. Ukulahlekelwa nokubuyisa imininingwane efanele bekuyinkinga ebhekene namaqembu amathathu [30, 74, 77]. Ngokusho kwemibiko yesiguli, ama-ejenti we-Iodinated Director awazange anikeze ukubonakala okuphelele kwemithambo ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwethamo [74]. Umjovo wemodeli yeCadaveric ubonakala njengendlela ekahle eshukumisela kude nomgomo we- "kancane ngangokunokwenzeka" kanye nemikhawulo yethamo le-agent ehlukile.
Ngeshwa, izindatshana eziningi azisho ezinye izici ezibalulekile ze-3DPAM. Ngaphansi kwengxenye yezihloko ezishiwo ngokucacile ukuthi ngabe i-3Dpam yayo yathunyelwa yini. Ukumbozwa kwesilinganiso sokuphrinta kwakungahambelani (43% yezindatshana), futhi kungu-34% kuphela okushiwo ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya eminingi. Le micimbi yokuphrinta ibalulekile ngoba ithonya izakhiwo zokufunda ze-3DPAM. Izindatshana eziningi azinikezi imininingwane eyanele mayelana nobunzima bokuthola i-3DPAM (isikhathi sokuqamba, iziqu zabasebenzi, izindleko zokuphrinta, izindleko zokuphrinta, njll.). Lolu lwazi lubalulekile futhi kufanele lubhekwe ngaphambi kokucabanga ukuqala kwephrojekthi ukuthuthukisa i-3DPAM entsha.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kukhombisa ukuthi ukuklama kanye nokuphrinta oku-3D okujwayelekile amamodeli ajwayelekile angenzeka ngentengo ephansi, ikakhulukazi lapho usebenzisa amaphrinta we-FDM noma ama-SLA eyodwa ngezinto zokwakha zombala owodwa. Kodwa-ke, le miklamo eyisisekelo ingathuthukiswa ngokungeza umbala noma ukwengeza ukwakheka kwezinto ezihlukile. Amamodeli anengqondo amaningi (aphrintiwe kusetshenziswa izinto eziningi zemibala ehlukene kanye nokufaka kabusha izimfanelo ze-tatele yenkomba ye-cadaver carference) zidinga ubuchwepheshe obubizayo bokuphrinta we-3D kanye nezikhathi ezinde zokuphrinta. Lokhu kuzokhulisa kakhulu izindleko zizonke. Akunandaba noma iyiphi inqubo yokuphrinta ekhethiwe, ekhetha indlela efanelekile yokucabanga ibalulekile empumelelweni ye-3DPAM. Ukuphakama kwesinqumo sendawo, okungokoqobo kwemodeli kuba futhi kungasetshenziselwa ucwaningo oluthuthukile. Ngokombono wokubuka ngezinyawo, i-3DPAM iyithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokufundisa i-anatomy, njengoba kufakazelwa izivivinyo zolwazi ezilawulwa kubafundi nokwaneliseka kwazo. Umphumela wokufundisa we-3dpam ungcono kakhulu lapho kuveza izifunda eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-anatomical futhi abafundi bayisebenzise ekuqaleni kokuqeqeshwa kwabo kwezokwelashwa.
Ama-dataset akhiqizwa futhi / noma ahlaziywe ocwaningweni lwamanje awatholakali esidlangalaleni ngenxa yezithiyo zolimi kepha ayatholakala kumbhali ohambelana nesicelo esifanele.
Drake RL, Lowry Dj, Pruitt cm. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-anatomy ephelele, i-microanatomy, neurobiology, kanye nezifundo ze-ebrology e-US curch School curricula. I-anat rec. 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
I-Ghosh SK Cadaveric Dissection njengethuluzi lokufundisa lesayensi ye-anatomical ngekhulu lama-21: ukuhlukaniswa njengethuluzi lokufundisa. Ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo yesayensi. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-01-2023